Effects of occasional tillage on soil physical and chemical properties and weed infestation in a 10-year no-till system

IF 3.3 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Frontiers in Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1431822

Massamba Diop, Adnane Beniaich, Harun Cicek, Hassan Ouabbou, Oussama El Gharras, Abbès Tanji, Ahmed Bamouh, Rachid Dahan, Aziz Zine El Abidine, Mohamed El Gharous, Khalil El Mejahed

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Abstract

Few studies have investigated how one-time targeted tillage of long-term no-till fields impacts topsoil properties and weed dynamics. An on-farm trial was implemented in 2020 to test the effects of occasional tillage (OT) in Morocco with a long-term no-tillage (NT) system and rainfed field crops: durum wheat (Triticum durum), faba bean (Vicia faba minor), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Four treatments were established, namely, continuous NT with crop residues maintained (“NT + residue”); continuous NT with crop residues not maintained (“NT-residue”); shallow inversion tillage (“shallow OT”); and deep non-inversion tillage (“deep OT”). We assessed the effect of these treatments on soil physical and chemical properties in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths after crop harvest of the 2020–2021 (year 1) and 2021–2022 (year 2) growing seasons corresponding to 1 and 2 years after OT, respectively. In addition, we evaluated the effect of the treatments on weed populations and the effect of the legume crop rotated with wheat on soil nitrogen (N) and weed density. In year 1, deep OT reduced the water content at field capacity and available water capacity at 0–10 cm compared to continuous NT; the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) under deep OT was lower than in NT-residue and NT + residue at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, respectively. Furthermore, deep OT increased ammonium-N (NH4-N) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm compared to NT + residue but reduced exchangeable potassium (K) at 10–20 cm depth compared to NT-residue. In year 2, shallow OT had lower total porosity at 10–20 cm than NT + residue, while shallow and deep OT recorded higher water-stable aggregates at 0–10 cm than NT + residue; at 10–20 cm, deep OT recorded lower CEC than NT + residue. However, deep OT had higher nitrate-N (NO3-N) and available sulfur (S) than NT-residue at 10–20 cm. Occasional tillage did not significantly affect 10 out of 19 of the soil properties evaluated, including soil organic matter (SOM), in all the years and did not help reduce the stratification of soil nutrients in NT. In year 1, 50 days after OT, deep OT reduced the weed density by 46% compared to NT + residue, while in year 2, 406 days after OT, shallow OT reduced weed density by 53% compared to NT-residue. Regarding the effect of the legume rotated with wheat, faba bean appeared to be the better preceding or following wheat crop as it resulted in higher residual soil mineral N and lower weed infestation than chickpea.

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偶尔耕作对 10 年免耕系统中土壤理化性质和杂草侵扰的影响

很少有研究调查长期免耕田的一次性定向耕作如何影响表土性质和杂草动态。2020 年在摩洛哥进行了一项田间试验，以测试偶尔耕作（OT）对长期免耕（NT）系统和雨水灌溉大田作物（硬质小麦（Triticum durum）、蚕豆（Vicia faba minor）和鹰嘴豆（Cicer arietinum））的影响。共设置了四种处理，即保留作物残茬的连续氮肥处理（"氮肥+残茬"）、不保留作物残茬的连续氮肥处理（"氮肥-残茬"）、浅层反转耕作处理（"浅层反转耕作"）和深层非反转耕作处理（"深层反转耕作"）。我们评估了这些处理对 2020-2021 年（第 1 年）和 2021-2022 年（第 2 年）生长季作物收获后 0-10 厘米和 10-20 厘米土壤深度的土壤理化性质的影响，这两个生长季分别对应于 OT 后的 1 年和 2 年。此外，我们还评估了各处理对杂草数量的影响，以及豆科作物与小麦轮作对土壤氮（N）和杂草密度的影响。在第 1 年，与连续氮肥相比，深层 OT 降低了田间容水量和 0-10 厘米处的可用水量；在 0-10 厘米和 10-20 厘米处，深层 OT 的阳离子交换容量（CEC）分别低于氮肥-残留物和氮肥+残留物。此外，与新台地+残留物相比，深层加时赛在 0-10 厘米和 10-20 厘米处增加了铵-氮（NH4-N），但与新台地-残留物相比，在 10-20 厘米处降低了可交换钾（K）。第 2 年，浅层 OT 在 10-20 厘米处的总孔隙度低于新台币＋残留物，而浅层和深层 OT 在 0-10 厘米处的水稳聚集物高于新台币＋残留物；在 10-20 厘米处，深层 OT 的 CEC 低于新台币＋残留物。然而，在 10-20 厘米处，深层定向培育的硝酸盐-氮（NO3-N）和可利用硫（S）均高于新界残留物。在所有年份中，偶尔耕作对包括土壤有机质（SOM）在内的 19 项土壤特性评估中的 10 项没有显著影响，也无助于减少新界土壤养分的分层。第 1 年，即加时赛后 50 天，深层加时赛与新界+残留物相比，杂草密度降低了 46%；第 2 年，即加时赛后 406 天，浅层加时赛与新界-残留物相比，杂草密度降低了 53%。关于豆科植物与小麦轮作的效果，蚕豆似乎是更好的前茬或后茬小麦作物，因为与鹰嘴豆相比，蚕豆能带来更高的土壤矿物氮残留量和更低的杂草侵扰。

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来源期刊

Frontiers in Environmental Science Environmental Science-General Environmental Science

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

8.70%

发文量

2276

审稿时长

12 weeks

期刊介绍： Our natural world is experiencing a state of rapid change unprecedented in the presence of humans. The changes affect virtually all physical, chemical and biological systems on Earth. The interaction of these systems leads to tipping points, feedbacks and amplification of effects. In virtually all cases, the causes of environmental change can be traced to human activity through either direct interventions as a consequence of pollution, or through global warming from greenhouse case emissions. Well-formulated and internationally-relevant policies to mitigate the change, or adapt to the consequences, that will ensure our ability to thrive in the coming decades are badly needed. Without proper understanding of the processes involved, and deep understanding of the likely impacts of bad decisions or inaction, the security of food, water and energy is a risk. Left unchecked shortages of these basic commodities will lead to migration, global geopolitical tension and conflict. This represents the major challenge of our time. We are the first generation to appreciate the problem and we will be judged in future by our ability to determine and take the action necessary. Appropriate knowledge of the condition of our natural world, appreciation of the changes occurring, and predictions of how the future will develop are requisite to the definition and implementation of solutions. Frontiers in Environmental Science publishes research at the cutting edge of knowledge of our natural world and its various intersections with society. It bridges between the identification and measurement of change, comprehension of the processes responsible, and the measures needed to reduce their impact. Its aim is to assist the formulation of policies, by offering sound scientific evidence on environmental science, that will lead to a more inhabitable and sustainable world for the generations to come.