One-pot construction of α-Fe2O3/ZnNiFe2O4 heterojunction by incomplete sol/gel-self-propagating method with choline chloride-ethylene glycol media and its photo-degradation performance

Abstract

A magnetic α-Fe₂O₃/ZnNiFe₂O₄ composite photocatalyst was synthesized through a one-pot reaction employing choline chloride-ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvents and an incomplete sol-gel self-propagating method. The photocatalytic performance was assessed by removing methylene blue (MB) under 40 W visible light. With a 1.0 g/L catalyst dosage, 10 mg/L MB concentration, and pH levels of 6 and 12, removal rates of 97 % and 99 % were achieved within 90 min, respectively. The composite also demonstrated effective degradation of methyl orange (MO) and malachite green (MG). Stability tests revealed minimal reduction in photocatalytic activity after four cycles. Active species analysis identified ·O₂^⁻ and ·OH as the primary agents in the photocatalytic process. XRD, XPS, UV–VIS DRS, HRTEM, PL, and EIS analyses confirmed the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction between ZnNiFe₂O₄ and α-Fe₂O₃, which enhanced the specific surface area, electron transport capacity, and narrowed the band gap. This heterojunction improved the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, resulting in enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability. This study presents a novel approach for preparing Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts through a one-pot reaction.