Elemental impurities (heavy metals) in kratom products: an assessment of published individual product analyses.

IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 TOXICOLOGY
Clinical Toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI:10.1080/15563650.2024.2395552
Kimberly Snow Caroti, Alen Joseph, Amy Sapowadia, C Michael White
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction: Kratom is commonly used by consumers, and the elemental impurity exposure that consumers would have at different kratom ingestion doses has been determined.

Methods: This assessment used original data from independent third-party laboratory testing of kratom products to identify the percentage of products that exceeded permissible daily exposure limits for lead (5 µg/day), nickel (200 µg/day), arsenic (15 µg/day), and cadmium (5 µg/day), the interim reference level for lead in adults (12.5 µg/day), and the tolerable upper intake level for manganese (11 mg/day) and nickel (1 mg/day). We assessed all products regardless of type and then evaluated non-extract products, extract products, and a soda preparation separately for elemental impurities.

Results: Three assessments of elemental impurities in kratom products have been published, totaling 68 products. Assessing all products and assuming a 3 g daily dose of kratom, 7.4% would exceed the permissible daily exposure limits for lead, 0% for nickel, 3.1% for arsenic, and 0% for cadmium. At a kratom dose of 25 g daily, 70.6% would exceed the permissible daily exposure limits for lead, 20.6% for nickel, 9.4% for arsenic, and 0% for cadmium. The interim reference level for lead would be exceeded by 1.5% of products at a kratom daily dose of 3 g and 33.8% of products at 25 g. The tolerable upper intake level for manganese would be exceeded by 12.5% of products at a kratom daily dose of 3 g and 41.7% of products at 25 g. Non-extract products generally contain greater concentrations of elemental impurities than extract products or the soda preparation.

Discussion: Apart from their concentrations in a gram of product, assessing the amount of exposure to elemental impurities at different kratom ingestion doses is also important. Elemental impurities exceeding regulatory permissible concentrations for many products, especially with greater daily kratom ingestion doses, may impact human health.

Conclusions: Some kratom products contain excessive concentrations of elemental impurities of toxicological concern, such as lead and arsenic. Non-extract products (powders, capsules, tablets) generally contain greater concentrations of elemental impurities than extract products or the soda preparation. Daily use of these products can result in exposures exceeding regulatory thresholds and adverse health effects.

桔梗产品中的元素杂质(重金属):对已公布的单个产品分析的评估。
简介:桔梗是消费者常用的一种药材:桔梗是消费者常用的一种药材,我们已经确定了消费者在摄入不同剂量桔梗时的元素杂质暴露量:本次评估使用了来自独立第三方实验室对桔梗产品进行测试的原始数据,以确定超过铅(5 微克/天)、镍(200 微克/天)、砷(15 微克/天)和镉(5 微克/天)的允许日暴露限值、成人铅临时参考水平(12.5 微克/天)以及锰(11 毫克/天)和镍(1 毫克/天)的可耐受摄入上限的产品比例。我们对所有产品进行了评估,无论其类型如何,然后分别对非提取物产品、提取物产品和一种苏打制剂进行了元素杂质评估:结果:已发布了三份关于桔梗产品中元素杂质的评估报告,共计 68 种产品。在对所有产品进行评估并假设每天服用 3 克克瑞托姆的情况下,7.4% 的产品铅含量、0% 的产品镍含量、3.1% 的产品砷含量和 0% 的产品镉含量会超过每日允许接触限值。每天服用 25 克桔梗,70.6% 的人体内铅会超过每日允许摄入量,20.6% 的人体内镍会超过每日允许摄入量,9.4% 的人体内砷会超过每日允许摄入量,0% 的人体内镉会超过每日允许摄入量。每天服用 3 克桔梗的产品中,1.5% 的产品会超过铅的临时参考水平;每天服用 25 克桔梗的产品中,33.8% 的产品会超过铅的临时参考水平。每天服用 3 克桔梗和 25 克桔梗的产品中,分别有 12.5%和 41.7%的产品会超出锰的可容忍上限摄入量。非提取物产品中的元素杂质浓度通常高于提取物产品或苏打制剂:除了在每克产品中的浓度外,评估摄入不同剂量的桔梗产品中元素杂质的暴露量也很重要。许多产品中的元素杂质超过了法规允许的浓度,特别是在每天摄入较大剂量 kratom 的情况下,可能会影响人体健康:结论:一些桔梗产品含有过量的毒理学关注元素杂质,如铅和砷。与提取物产品或苏打制剂相比,非提取物产品(粉末、胶囊、片剂)通常含有更高浓度的元素杂质。日常使用这些产品会导致暴露量超过监管阈值,并对健康产生不利影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Clinical Toxicology
Clinical Toxicology 医学-毒理学
CiteScore
5.70
自引率
12.10%
发文量
148
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: clinical Toxicology publishes peer-reviewed scientific research and clinical advances in clinical toxicology. The journal reflects the professional concerns and best scientific judgment of its sponsors, the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, the American Association of Poison Control Centers and the Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology and, as such, is the leading international journal in the specialty.
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