Effect of fear and non-linear predator harvesting on a predator–prey system in presence of environmental variability

Abstract

In this paper, we have proposed and analyzed a predator–prey system introducing the cost of predation fear into the prey reproduction with Holling type-II functional response in the stochastic environment with the consideration of non-linear harvesting on predators. The system experiences Transcritical, Saddle–node, Hopf, and Bogdanov-Taken (BT) bifurcation with respect to the intrinsic growth rate and competition rate of the prey populations. We have discussed the existence and uniqueness of positive global solution of the stochastic model with the help of Ito’s integral formula and the long-term behavior of the solution is derived here. The existence of stationary distribution and explicit form of the density function is established here when only prey populations survive or both populations. We have shown that due to high fluctuation, the regime changes from one stable state to another state when bistability occurs in the system. The paper ends with some conclusions.