Population-Based Estimates of the Prevalence of Children With Congenital Heart Disease and Associated Comorbidities in the United States.

Abstract

Background: Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common birth defects and previous estimates report the disease affects 1% of births annually in the United States. To date, CHD prevalence estimates are inconsistent due to varied definitions, data reliant on birth registries, and are geographically limited. These data sources may not be representative of the total prevalence of the CHD population. It is therefore important to derive high-quality, population-based estimates of the prevalence of CHD to help care for this vulnerable population.

Methods: We performed a descriptive, retrospective 8-year analysis using all-payer claims data from Colorado from 2012 to 2019. Children with CHD were identified by applying International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes from the American Heart Association-American College of Cardiology harmonized cardiac codes. We included children with CHD <18 years of age who resided in Colorado, had a documented zip code, and had at least 1 health care claim. CHD type was categorized as simple, moderate, and severe disease. Association with comorbid conditions and genetic diagnoses were analyzed using χ² test. We used direct standardization to calculate adjusted prevalence rates, controlling for age, sex, primary insurance provider, and urban-rural residence.

Results: We identified 1 566 328 children receiving care in Colorado from 2012 to 2019. Of those, 30 512 children had at least 1 CHD diagnosis, comprising 1.95% (95% CI, 1.93-1.97) of the pediatric population. Over half of the children with CHD also had at least 1 complex chronic condition. After direct standardization, the adjusted prevalence rates show a small increase in simple severity diagnoses across the study period (adjusted rate of 11.5 [2012]-14.4 [2019]; P<0.001).

Conclusions: The current study is the first population-level analysis of pediatric CHD in the United States. Using administrative claims data, our study found a higher CHD prevalence and comorbidity burden compared with previous estimates.