Influence of air temperature and interrelationship with greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) over Iraq using AIRS data

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2024.102293

Faten Abed , Jasim Rajab , Ibtihaj Abdulfattah , Hwee San Lim

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Abstract

Global and regional observations of air temperature (AT) and specific atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are required for a variety of applications, including constraining global or regional estimates of their significant impacts on the climate system. The present study employs Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) -Level3 monthly products for AT, CH₄, and CO₂, at two standard pressure levels (925 and 500 hPa) over Iraq during 2010–2016. Both CO₂ and CH₄ shows significant seasonal variation, with maximum (minimum) CO₂ observed in June (October), while CH₄ recorded three maximum peaks during April, August, and November, and a minimum in February. CH₄ shows a negative correlation during winter (DJF), spring (MAM), summer (JJA), and autumn (SON) with correlation coefficients (R) −0.627, −0.734, −0.491, and −0.688, respectively. The P-value is below 0.05 (4.14 × 10⁻¹⁵, 2.13 × 10⁻²², 1.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 5.2 × 10⁻¹⁹) for the four seasons, indicating a negative linear relationship. CO₂ shows a low negative correlation in DJF and SON, and a low positive correlation in MAM and JJA seasons, with R values equal to −0.315, −0.221, 0.059, and 0.079, for DJF, SON, MAM and JJA seasons, respectively. The P-value was greater than 0.05 (0.061, 0.728, 0.647, and 0.195) for the four seasons, respectively, indicating a nonlinear relationship with AT. The monthly averaged time-series for CH₄ and CO₂ shows an evident increase, with an annual average increase of 1.81% (4.75) ppbv/year and 3.31% (1.84) ppm/year, respectively. Analysis reveals that the major sink and sources for CH₄ are the presence of hydroxyl (OH) radicals and vegetation, whereas the major sources for CO₂ are anthropogenic emissions, burning fossil fuels, and land-use change. The satellite observations of AIRS can efficiently show the spatiotemporal variations of air temperature versus CH₄ and CO₂ for the study area.

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利用 AIRS 数据研究伊拉克上空气温的影响及其与温室气体（二氧化碳和甲烷）的相互关系

各种应用都需要对空气温度（AT）和特定大气温室气体（GHGs）（如甲烷（CH4）和二氧化碳（CO2））进行全球和区域观测，包括限制对气候系统重大影响的全球或区域估计。本研究采用了 2010-2016 年期间伊拉克上空两个标准气压水平（925 和 500 hPa）的大气红外探测仪（AIRS）-Level3 月度产品，以测量甲烷、甲烷-CH4 和二氧化碳。二氧化碳和甲烷都显示出明显的季节性变化，二氧化碳的最大（最小）观测值出现在 6 月（10 月），而甲烷的三个最大峰值出现在 4 月、8 月和 11 月，最小值出现在 2 月。CH4 与冬季（DJF）、春季（MAM）、夏季（JJA）和秋季（SON）呈负相关，相关系数（R）分别为-0.627、-0.734、-0.491 和 -0.688。四个季节的 P 值均低于 0.05（4.14 × 10-15、2.13 × 10-22、1.1 × 10-8 和 5.2 × 10-19），表明存在负线性关系。二氧化碳在 DJF 季和 SON 季呈低负相关，在 MAM 季和 JJA 季呈低正相关，DJF 季、SON 季、MAM 季和 JJA 季的 R 值分别为-0.315、-0.221、0.059 和 0.079。四个季节的 P 值分别大于 0.05（0.061、0.728、0.647 和 0.195），表明与 AT 存在非线性关系。甲烷（CH4）和二氧化碳（CO2）的月平均时间序列显示出明显的增长，年平均增长率分别为 1.81% (4.75) ppbv/年和 3.31% (1.84) ppm/年。分析表明，CH4 的主要汇和源是羟基自由基和植被的存在，而 CO2 的主要源是人为排放、化石燃料燃烧和土地利用变化。AIRS 的卫星观测数据可以有效地显示研究区域的气温与 CH4 和 CO2 的时空变化关系。

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来源期刊

Atmospheric Pollution Research ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-

CiteScore

8.30

自引率

6.70%

发文量

256

审稿时长

36 days

期刊介绍： Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution. Papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales. Areas covered are research on inorganic, organic, and persistent organic air pollutants, air quality monitoring, air quality management, atmospheric dispersion and transport, air-surface (soil, water, and vegetation) exchange of pollutants, dry and wet deposition, indoor air quality, exposure assessment, health effects, satellite measurements, natural emissions, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, and effects on climate change.