Unlocking the potential of alkalizing bacteria in cadmium remediation: Unveiling mechanisms and efficacy

Abstract

Vegetables represent a primary pathway for cadmium (Cd) exposure, posing a serious threat to human health. The utilization of alkalizing bacteria presents an effective means to elevate pH, thereby facilitating the alteration of Cd migration efficiency. This study validated the efficacy of alkalizing bacteria Stenotrophomonas sp. H225 (SH225) in promoting plant growth and reducing Cd accumulation in roots and leaves through hydroponic experiments. It further elucidated the specific mechanisms by which SH225 reduces Cd migration. Results showed SH225 raised pH by up to 0.89 unit under Cd stress and decreased Cd accumulation in roots and leaves by 30.39 % and 66.56 %, respectively. Cd speciation distribution data (including residual, adsorbed, and intracellular forms) demonstrated SH225's capacity to adsorb Cd, resulting in a 16.24 % reduction in residual Cd. SEM and TEM analyses corroborated these findings, illustrating substantial Cd adsorption by SH225 bacterial cell walls folding. Additionally, FTIR results highlighted the involvement of functional groups such as -OH, -NH₂, CH₂/CH₃ bending, COO-, and PO during the adsorption process. In conclusion, the alkalizing bacterium SH225 has restricted the migration of Cd into plant tissues, thereby reducing the health risks associated with Cd exposure.