Profile and risk factors of sight-threatening retinopathy of prematurity: Experience from SNCU in North India.

Abstract

Background: This research aimed to identify the clinical profile and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among "at-risk" newborns treated at a sick newborn care unit (SNCU) located at high altitude in North India, with the intention of contributing to formulate regional and national ROP screening guidelines.

Materials and methods: In a prospective observational study from 2021 to 2022, outborn and inborn babies eligible for ROP screening were screened.

Results: Total 39/122 screened neonates had laser for Type 1 ROP, and 22/39 (56.4%) had aggressive ROP (AROP). The average birth weight (BW) was 1803.87 g, and the average gestational age was 34 weeks. Respiratory distress, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, and apnea were present in 57.3%, 13%, 52.5%, and 25.4%, respectively. Sight-threatening ROP was present in 50% below 28⁺⁶ weeks, 27% between 29 and 30⁺⁶ weeks, 52% between 31 and 33⁺⁶ weeks, and 15% with gestation >34 weeks. Two babies with Type 1 ROP weighed >2 kg and one had AROP. Upon regression analysis, BW <1500 g, gestation <32 weeks, oxygen >48 h, clinical sepsis, total SNCU stay >14 days, continuous positive airway pressure support with oxygen >50%, and >10 days to achieve full feeds were associated with severe ROP. Caffeine to treat apnea and kangaroo mother care reduced ROP. None had short-term unfavorable outcome.

Conclusion: With similar infrastructure and work force shortage in most SNCUs, these findings can be generalized. The burden of Type 1 and AROP is increasing, as seen in higher gestation and BWs. This needs revision of ROP screening criteria at local and national level. It is crucial to emphasize on the importance of pediatrician and ophthalmologist collaboration, early ROP screening, diagnosis, and treatment to stop disease progression to severe ROP.