Peak vertical ground reaction force used to identify sub-groups of individuals with differing biomechanical gait profiles post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Abstract

Lesser peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) has been widely reported among individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Peak vGRF remains less than uninjured controls and relatively stable during the first year following ACLR. However, it is unknown whether there are subgroups of individuals exhibiting consistently greater peak vGRF in the first 6-months following ACLR and if individuals with consistently greater peak vGRF exhibit kinematic and kinetic gait differences compared to individuals with low vGRF. The purpose of this study was to determine if distinct clusters exist based upon magnitude of peak vGRF 2- and 6-months post-ACLR. Subsequently, we explored between cluster differences in vGRF, knee flexion angle, and sagittal and frontal plane knee kinetics throughout stance between clusters. Forty-three individuals (58.1%female, 21.4 ± 4.4 years-old, 95.3% patellar-tendon autograft) completed five gait trials at their habitual walking speed 2- and 6-months post-ACLR. A single K-means cluster analysis was used to identify clusters of individuals based on peak vGRF at 2- and 6-months post-ACLR. Functional waveform analyses were used to compare gait outcomes between clusters with and without controlling for gait speed and age. We identified two clusters that included a subgroup with high vGRF (n = 16) and low vGRF (n = 27). The cluster with high vGRF demonstrated greater vGRFs, knee flexion angles, and knee extension moments during early stance as compared to the low vGRF cluster 2- and 6-months post-ACLR. Individuals with peak vGRF ≥1.02 times body-weight 2-months post-ACLR had 35.4 times greater odds of being assigned to the high vGRF cluster.