Immediate Psychological Implications of Risk-Reducing Mastectomies in Women With Increased Risk of Breast Cancer: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Background

Risk-reducing mastectomy is recommended for high-risk patients but may have significant psychological consequences. This study aimed to determine the differences in anxiety, depressive symptomatology, body image and quality of life in women with an increased risk of breast cancer immediately before and after undergoing risk-reducing mastectomy.

Methods

Eighty-eight women with an increased risk of breast cancer due to BRCA1/2 mutations or a previous cancer diagnosis participated in this study. Instruments used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Body Image Scale and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire Core 30 and Breast 23, administered 15-30 days before and after surgery.

Results

Following surgery, there was an immediate and significant worsening in anxiety, depressive symptomatology and body image. There was a significant deterioration in global, physical, role, and social functioning, as well as in body image and sexual enjoyment scales. Additionally, there were increases in fatigue, nausea and vomiting, constipation, dyspnoea, insomnia, appetite loss, perceived financial difficulties, pain, systemic therapy side effects, and breast and arm symptoms. However, there was an improvement in future perspective. These changes occurred independently of whether participants had a cancer diagnosis or BRCA1/2 mutation.

Conclusion

Risk-reducing mastectomies have immediate psychological consequences. While these procedures improve future health perspective, they increase anxiety and depressive symptomatology and decrease body image and quality of life, regardless of cancer diagnosis or BRCA1/2 mutation. These findings highlight the psychological consequences of such surgical procedures, emphasizing the need for comprehensive psychological interventions both before and after surgery.