Morphology and morphometry of the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae in an adult Kenyan population: a radiological study

African health sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI:10.4314/ahs.v24i2.38

Khulud Nurani, Pamela M Idenya, James Kigera, Philip M Mwachaka

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Abstract

Background: Transverse foramina are canals in cervical transverse processes transmitting the vertebral vessels and the accompanying sympathetic plexus. These foramina exhibit side, sex and population specific variations such as those of size, shape and number. Knowledge of these variations is important for cervical surgical procedures and prediction of vertebral artery variations. Objective: To describe the morphology and morphometry of cervical transverse foramina in an adult Kenyan population. Methods: Ninety-four neck CT scan images of 2 mm slice thickness in axial view were used to assess presence, number, completeness and shape of transverse foramina. Antero-posterior and transverse lengths were measured using NeusoftTM software. Paired and independent t-tests were used to compare morphometric parameters for side and sex respectively. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in foramina down the cervical spine. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Transverse foramina had a prevalence of 98.78% with 3.64% being duplicated. They were identified as type 1 (circular), type 2 (elongated antero-posteriorly), type 3 (elongated transversely), type 4 (oblique left-right elongation) and type 5 (oblique right-left elongation) in 69.62%, 3.62%, 13.38%, 7.23% and 6.15% respectively. 0.46% foramina were incomplete and 3.19% constricted. Diameters on the right were larger than left. C1 foramina were the largest and C7 smallest. The diameters decreased from C2 to C3 then increased to C6. Conclusion: Transverse foramina display side and level dependent variations. This is of clinical importance to spine surgeons to prevent intraoperative damage of vertebral vessels when operating in the cervical region. Keywords: Morphology and morphometry; transverse foramina; cervical vertebrae; in Kenyan Population; a radiological study.

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肯尼亚成年人颈椎横向孔的形态和形态测量：一项放射学研究

背景：横突孔是颈椎横突上传输椎管和相应交感神经丛的管道。这些椎管孔在大小、形状和数量等方面存在着侧向、性别和人群特异性变化。了解这些变异对于颈椎外科手术和预测椎动脉变异非常重要。目的描述肯尼亚成年人颈椎横突孔的形态和形态计量。方法：对 94 名颈部 CT 扫描的肯尼亚成年人进行研究：使用 94 张切片厚度为 2 毫米的轴向颈部 CT 扫描图像来评估横向孔的存在、数量、完整性和形状。使用 NeusoftTM 软件测量前后长度和横向长度。分别采用配对检验和独立 t 检验比较两侧和性别的形态计量参数。单因素方差分析用于确定颈椎下行孔的差异。P值≤0.05为差异显著。结果横椎孔的比例为 98.78%，其中 3.64% 为重复孔。1型（环形）、2型（前后伸长）、3型（横向伸长）、4型（左右斜向伸长）和5型（左右斜向伸长）的比例分别为69.62%、3.62%、13.38%、7.23%和6.15%。0.46%的孔不完整，3.19%的孔收缩。右侧直径大于左侧。C1椎管孔最大，C7最小。直径从 C2 到 C3 逐渐减小，然后增大到 C6。结论横向孔显示出与侧面和水平相关的变化。这对脊柱外科医生在颈椎区域进行手术时防止术中损伤椎管具有重要的临床意义。关键词形态和形态测量；横突孔；颈椎；肯尼亚人口；一项放射学研究。

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African health sciences

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