Blepharitis and tear duct problems

Abstract

Ophthalmological problems make up approximately 2% of all consultations in primary care. The majority of problems are minor, encompassing ailments such as conjunctivitis, foreign bodies, blepharitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, corneal abrasions, chalazions, and ectropions. However, more complex presentations, including ptosis and cataracts require accurate diagnosis, and may need referral to secondary care. General practitioners and members of the broader practice team, including advanced nurse practitioners and GP registrars, are likely to encounter such cases at least once every week. This article considers blepharitis and associated tear duct problems, providing a review of the simple and more complex presentations and their management. It will cover assessment in primary care, triggers, pathogenesis, epidemiology, typical presentations, clinical features, differential diagnoses, prevention, management strategies, and when referral to secondary care is necessary.