Genetic analysis of quality protein maize (QPM): a review

Abstract

Quality protein maize (QPM) is rich in lysine and tryptophan. QPM has notable variations in protein composition, critical amino acid profiles, and grain production potential. These variations significantly affect the nutritional value of our crops and the safety of the global food supply. For instance, QPM varieties can contain 60–100% more lysine and tryptophan than conventional maize. This increase in essential amino acids improves growth rates and health outcomes in populations relying on maize as a staple food. As we examine broad sense heritability estimates for these fundamental characteristics, it becomes clear that genetics significantly influences protein content. This means we can substantially increase the amount of protein in QPM through selective breeding. The essential amino acid composition, a defining feature of QPM, exhibits inheritable characteristics but with some fascinating complexities that call for more investigation. As a result of the complex trade-offs shown by the relationship between grain yield and these nutritional characteristics, we should consider comprehensive breeding approaches that consider several objectives. Genetic advance is an essential indicator of the efficiency of selection, and it gives us cause for hope. Within a relatively short period of generations, we may significantly improve the protein composition and the necessary amino acids. However, the intricate relationship between grain productivity and nutritional characteristics highlights the significance of comprehensive breeding programs that carefully maintain equilibrium between these objectives.

In conclusion, this study provides helpful direction for upcoming research and breeding projects by synthesizing the state of the art about the genetic foundation of QPM. Understanding the dynamics of variability, heredity, and genetic advance with grain production, essential amino acid content, and protein content is vital to maximizing QPM's potential to address global food security.