Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Cancer—The Selection of Synthetic Photosensitizers

Pharmaceuticals Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI:10.3390/ph17070932
David Aebisher, Iga Serafin, Katarzyna Batóg-Szczęch, Klaudia Dynarowicz, E. Chodurek, A. Kawczyk-Krupka, D. Bartusik-Aebisher
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Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment method that uses photosensitizing (PS) compounds to selectively destroy tumor cells using laser light. This review discusses the main advantages of PDT, such as its low invasiveness, minimal systemic toxicity and low risk of complications. Special attention is paid to photosensitizers obtained by chemical synthesis. Three generations of photosensitizers are presented, starting with the first, based on porphyrins, through the second generation, including modified porphyrins, chlorins, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its derivative hexyl aminolevulinate (HAL), to the third generation, which is based on the use of nanotechnology to increase the selectivity of therapy. In addition, current research trends are highlighted, including the search for new photosensitizers that can overcome the limitations of existing therapies, such as heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) or photosensitizers with a near-infrared (NIR) absorption peak. Finally, the prospects for the development of PDTs are presented, taking into account advances in nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. The references include both older and newer works. In many cases, when writing about a given group of first- or second-generation photosensitizers, older publications are used because the properties of the compounds described therein have not changed over the years. Moreover, older articles provide information that serves as an introduction to a given group of drugs.
治疗癌症的光动力疗法--合成光敏剂的选择
光动力疗法(PDT)是一种很有前景的癌症治疗方法,它使用光敏(PS)化合物,利用激光选择性地破坏肿瘤细胞。本综述讨论了光动力疗法的主要优点,如创伤小、全身毒性小和并发症风险低。其中特别关注通过化学合成获得的光敏剂。文章介绍了三代光敏剂,从基于卟啉的第一代光敏剂,到包括修饰卟啉、氯化物、5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)及其衍生物氨基乙酰丙酸己酯(HAL)在内的第二代光敏剂,再到基于纳米技术提高治疗选择性的第三代光敏剂。此外,还重点介绍了当前的研究趋势,包括寻找能克服现有疗法局限性的新型光敏剂,如无重金属非卟啉光敏剂、抗体药物共轭物(ADC)或具有近红外(NIR)吸收峰的光敏剂。最后,考虑到纳米技术和生物医学工程方面的进展,介绍了 PDT 的发展前景。参考文献包括新旧著作。在许多情况下,在撰写关于某一组第一代或第二代光敏剂的文章时,会使用较早的出版物,因为其中描述的化合物特性多年来没有发生变化。此外,较早的文章提供的信息可作为特定药物组的介绍。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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