Microbial dynamics: Understanding the triad of periodontal pathogens

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are complex inflammatory conditions of the oral cavity, affecting a significant portion of the global population. Central to the pathogenesis of these diseases is the intricate interplay between microbial pathogens, host immune response, and environmental factors. Among the diverse array of microorganisms inhabiting the oral microbiome, a triad of pathogens—Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola—commonly referred to as the