Techno-economic and environmental analysis of hybrid energy systems for remote areas: A sustainable case study in Bangladesh

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the techno-economic and environmental performance of six hybrid energy systems (HESs) in Kunder Char, Bangladesh, incorporating both conventional (diesel and natural gas) and renewable energy sources (solar and wind). Using HOMER Pro software, a comparative analysis of five off-grid systems and one on-grid system are conducted for assessing their cost-effectiveness, energy efficiencies, and environmental impacts under various sensitivity conditions. After thorough evaluation the on-grid system has emerged as the most economically viable option, with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.0436/kWh and a net present cost (NPC) of $1.43 million. It also produced minimal waste energy (0.381 %) but with high CO₂ emissions. In contrast, the PV-Battery setup, though the most expensive with an LCOE of $0.266/kWh and an NPC of $3.36 million, offered the benefit of zero emissions and generated 40 % excess electricity. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the influence of solar radiation (4.45 kWh/m²/day), wind speed (4.81 m/s), and fuel price (Diesel: $1/L) on these systems, providing insights into their operational dynamics under varying environmental and economic scenarios. The findings highlight the trade-offs between cost, sustainability, and efficiency, promoting energy solutions customized to meet the specific needs of remote regions like Kunder Char. This study also helps in understanding the potential of hybrid systems to meet energy demands sustainably in challenging geographical and economic landscapes.