"Cardiac glycosides"-quo vaditis?-past, present, and future?

Abstract

Up to date, digitalis glycosides, also known as "cardiac glycosides", are inhibitors of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. They have a long-standing history as drugs used in patients suffering from heart failure and atrial fibrillation despite their well-known narrow therapeutic range and the intensive discussions on their raison d'être for these indications. This article will review the history and key findings in basic and clinical research as well as potentially overseen pros and cons of these drugs.