Synthesis and characterisation of copper(i) complexes with relevance to intramolecular Ullmann O,S-arylation†

Abstract

Copper-catalysed intramolecular Ullman arylation has been frequently used to synthesise benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles. Despite widespread use, investigations into the mechanism and speciation of copper-containing complexes relevant to the catalytic pathway have remained relatively limited. Accordingly, this study aims to elucidate the structural details of potential copper(I) intermediates through the analysis of their solid-state structures using X-ray crystallography, while also investigating the reactivities of these complexes. Five novel copper complexes are reported which are formed prior to the aryl halide activation step and feature distinct aggregation modes based on either Cu₄N₄O₄C₄ or Cu₄N₄S₄C₄ clusters.