Improving diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis in outpatient settings: A call for action

Abstract

Skeletal fluorosis is a chronic metabolic bone osteopathy characterized by extensive bone fixation of fluoride. It is an endemic problem as a result of long-term exposure to high amounts of fluoride. It can lead to significant and crippling deformities, including kyphosis, restricted spinal and chest motion, and deformities of extraspinal joints, predisposing to hip osteoarthritis. Management of skeletal fluorosis generally focuses on symptomatic treatment. Preventive interventions are critical, including the provision of safe drinking water, defluoridation of water, and dietary intervention.