Further evidence for increasing global near-shore eutrophication from the Estero Salado, Guayaquil, Ecuador

IF 2.1 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY
F.I. Ormaza-González , P.A. Campi-Alvarez , J.W. Cárdenas-Condoy , R.J. Caiza-Quinga , P.J. Statham
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Over the period 2016–2022 environmental data were obtained at four points in the northern section of the tropical Estero Salado (ES), the inner coastal lagoon that flows through Guayaquil, the largest city in Ecuador. Surface water from the more remote southern limit of the ES, El Morro was also sampled in 2022. The study shows that waters of the northern part of this low salinity (<12) coastal lagoon were often hypoxic, occasionally approached anoxia, and were slightly acidic (6.86 ± 0.67). The same waters contained extremely high concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen which averaged between 2.00 and 16.3 μM for nitrite, 89.8–238 μM for nitrate and 35.0–758 μM for ammonium whilst dissolved inorganic phosphorus averaged 21.3–381 μM. Dissolved oxygen was between 22.4 and 129 μM, and all samples were <50% saturated. Additionally, remarkably high concentrations of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were measured in this northern section, which are well above national and international standards. A trophic state index strongly indicates that northern part of the ES is hyper-eutrophic. Whilst nutrients were at lower concentrations at El Morro, they still exceeded those expected for typical natural and balanced estuaries, thus showing signs of eutrophication. Two major drivers for these hyper-eutrophic conditions in the north are effectively no riverine inputs to flush the system, and nutrient inputs being dominated by run off from the city as industrial, wastewater and sewage discharges, together with pulses associated with the seasonal rainfall. Based on comparison of nutrient data given here with the same parameters from several decades ago, the situation has become worse over this timescale. This trend follows the dramatic increase in population of the city of Guayaquil, and associated increase in discharges of polluted waters. The ES needs major improvements in environmental quality if it is to avoid further deleterious impacts for local populations. The ES thus fits into the global trend of increasing eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters. Estimates using the new nutrient measurements indicate that the ES is exporting significant amounts of DIN and DIP into coastal waters of the Gulf of Guayaquil and then the Eastern South Pacific.

Abstract Image

厄瓜多尔瓜亚基尔萨拉多河进一步证明全球近岸富营养化现象日益严重
2016-2022 年期间,在流经厄瓜多尔最大城市瓜亚基尔的内沿海泻湖热带萨拉多湖(ES)北段的四个点获取了环境数据。2022 年,还对较偏远的萨拉多湖南端埃尔莫罗的地表水进行了采样。研究结果表明,这个低盐度(<12)沿海泻湖北部的水域经常缺氧,偶尔接近缺氧状态,并且呈微酸性(6.86 ± 0.67)。同一水域中溶解的无机氮浓度极高,亚硝酸盐平均浓度为 2.00-16.3 μM,硝酸盐平均浓度为 89.8-238 μM,铵平均浓度为 35.0-758 μM,而溶解的无机磷平均浓度为 21.3-381 μM。溶解氧介于 22.4 和 129 μM 之间,所有样本的饱和度均为 50%。此外,在这一北部水段测得的总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌的浓度非常高,远高于国家和国际标准。营养状态指数强烈表明,ES 的北部地区处于超富营养化状态。虽然埃尔莫罗的营养物浓度较低,但仍超过了典型自然平衡河口的预期浓度,因此显示出富营养化的迹象。造成北部河口出现超富营养化状况的两个主要原因是:实际上没有河水流入冲刷河口系统;营养物质主要来自城市的工业废水、废水和污水排放以及季节性降雨。根据此处提供的营养物数据与几十年前的相同参数进行比较,情况在这段时间内变得更糟。这一趋势是随着瓜亚基尔市人口的急剧增加以及受污染水体排放量的增加而出现的。如果要避免对当地人口造成进一步的有害影响,ES 需要大力改善环境质量。因此,ES 符合河口和沿海水域富营养化加剧的全球趋势。利用新的营养测量数据进行的估算表明,ES 正在向瓜亚基尔湾沿岸水域以及南太平洋东部输出大量的 DIN 和 DIP。
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来源期刊
Continental Shelf Research
Continental Shelf Research 地学-海洋学
CiteScore
4.30
自引率
4.30%
发文量
136
审稿时长
6.1 months
期刊介绍: Continental Shelf Research publishes articles dealing with the biological, chemical, geological and physical oceanography of the shallow marine environment, from coastal and estuarine waters out to the shelf break. The continental shelf is a critical environment within the land-ocean continuum, and many processes, functions and problems in the continental shelf are driven by terrestrial inputs transported through the rivers and estuaries to the coastal and continental shelf areas. Manuscripts that deal with these topics must make a clear link to the continental shelf. Examples of research areas include: Physical sedimentology and geomorphology Geochemistry of the coastal ocean (inorganic and organic) Marine environment and anthropogenic effects Interaction of physical dynamics with natural and manmade shoreline features Benthic, phytoplankton and zooplankton ecology Coastal water and sediment quality, and ecosystem health Benthic-pelagic coupling (physical and biogeochemical) Interactions between physical dynamics (waves, currents, mixing, etc.) and biogeochemical cycles Estuarine, coastal and shelf sea modelling and process studies.
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