Fracturing around magma reservoirs can explain variations in surface uplift rates even at constant volumetric flux

Abstract

Many volcanoes show continuous but variable deformation over timescales of years to decades. Variations in uplift rate are typically interpreted as changes in magma supply rate and/or a viscoelastic response of the host rock. Here we conduct analogue experiments in the laboratory to represent the inflation of a silicic magma body at a constant volumetric flux, and measure the chamber pressure and resulting surface displacement field. We observe that dyke intrusions radiating from the magma body cause a decrease in the peak uplift rate, but do not significantly affect the spatial pattern of deformation or spatially averaged uplift rate. We identify 4 distinct phases: 1) elastic inflation of the chamber, 2) a gradual decrease in the rate of uplift and pressurisation, associated with the formation of visible cracks 3) propagation of a dyke by mode 1 failure at the crack tip and 4) a pressure decrease within the chamber. Phase 2 can be explained by either a) crack damage, which reduces the elastic moduli of the surrounding rock or b) magma filling pre-existing cracks. Thus these experiments provide alternative mechanisms to explain observed variations in uplift rate, with important implications for the interpretation of deformation patterns at volcanoes around the world.