African swine fever: analysing its epidemiology, pathogenesis and control strategies: a review

Abstract

African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to global swine populations, with devastating economic and agricultural implications. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of various facets of ASFV, encompassing its structure, entry mechanism, transmission dynamics, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control strategies. The complex virion architecture, including the multilayered core and distinctive outer envelope, is explored, shedding light on key elements influencing the virus’s stability and infectivity. The intricate mechanisms governing ASFV entry into host cells are discussed, emphasizing the interplay between viral proteins and cellular receptors. Insight into the virus-host interaction provides a foundation for understanding the initial stages of infection, influencing subsequent pathogenesis. Transmission dynamics, a critical aspect of ASFV epidemiology, are examined, encompassing both direct and indirect modes of spread. Factors influencing the persistence of ASFV in diverse environments and the role of vectors in disease dissemination are explored to elucidate the complex transmission pathways. Clinical signs and pathogenesis of ASFV infection are thoroughly reviewed, outlining the diverse manifestations in swine species. The immunopathological responses and host factors influencing disease severity are discussed, enhancing our understanding of ASFV pathobiology. A comprehensive understanding of diagnostic tools is pivotal for timely and accurate disease detection, enabling swift intervention measures. In conclusion, this review provides a nuanced and integrative overview of ASFV, offering valuable insights for researchers, veterinarians and policymakers engaged in combatting this significant threat to the swine industry.