Endovascular Stenting for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome – A Systematic Review

Abstract

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) results from the obstruction or narrowing of the superior vena cava, causing venous congestion and various symptoms such as facial and upper limb swelling, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing, and, in severe cases, dizziness and headache. The primary treatment for SVCS is balloon angioplasty with endovascular stenting. Post-procedural complications are influenced by factors such as SVCS aetiology, comorbidities, and the presence of arteriovenous fistulas. This review examined eight clinical studies to assess the effectiveness of percutaneous endovascular stenting and associated complications, focusing on improving patient prognosis. The research, conducted through internet search engines and reputable databases, revealed that percutaneous endovascular stenting demonstrated efficacy ranging from 95–100% in addressing SVCS. Common complications post-procedure included SVC narrowing recurrence, airway constriction, and mortality, often linked to malignancy. The findings emphasise the need to refine therapeutic approaches, especially in addressing the root cause of SVCS, which is frequently malignancy. Consequently, implementing additional protocols to reduce the risk of SVCS development is crucial. This comprehensive review provides insights into the effectiveness of endovascular stenting in treating SVCS, highlighting the importance of tailored approaches and ongoing efforts to enhance patient outcomes.