Ecology of large ungulates in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula during the Upper Palaeolithic through stable isotopes and tooth wear analysis

Dorothée G. Drucker , Florent Rivals , Jordi Nadal , Isaac Rufí , Joaquim Soler , Narcís Soler , Julià Maroto
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Abstract

The northeastern Iberian Peninsula acted as a refuge zone during the Late Pleistocene where the persistence of terrestrial ecosystems could provide hunter-gatherers with large prey, mainly horse (Equus ferus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Isotopic (δ13C, δ18O, δ15N) and dental wear (mesowear and microwear) analyses have been applied on the remains of both species from the archaeological sites of Arbreda and Bora Gran at Serinyà (Girona), where evidence of human occupation from the Mousterian to the Magdalenian has been attested. The incremental enamel analysis on horse teeth revealed seasonal variation in carbonate δ18O but no detectable change in carbonate δ13C values, reflecting a rather stable diet and habitat over the year. Nevertheless, higher inter-individual than intra-individual contrast in carbonate δ13C indicate different environmental conditions from one individual to another for each stratigraphic unit. In red deer teeth, seasonal signals in enamel carbonate δ13C and δ18O demonstrated mirrored trends. Further, red deer show higher δ13C values than those of horses, both in enamel carbonate and bone collagen, as well as higher variability in mesowear and microwear scores, reflecting a mixed-feeding habit. Despite a strong grazing signal in mesowear and microwear, the lower δ13C values for horses suggest a higher dependence on relatively more humid habitats than red deer, which likely foraged in dryer environments with xeric plants during winter. These differences in ecological partitioning are particularly well illustrated in distinct collagen δ13C and δ15N values during the harsh climatic conditions of the Final Gravettian coeval to the GS-3 or Last Glacial Maximum. The capacity of red deer to adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions contrasts with the niche persistence of horse allowed by the availability of mosaic habitat.

通过稳定同位素和牙齿磨损分析伊比利亚半岛东北部上旧石器时代大型蹄类动物的生态学特征
伊比利亚半岛东北部是晚更新世时期的避难区,那里持续存在的陆地生态系统为狩猎采集者提供了大型猎物,主要是马(Equus ferus)和红鹿(Cervus elaphus)。在塞林亚(赫罗纳)的 Arbreda 和 Bora Gran 考古遗址中,对这两种动物的遗骸进行了同位素(δ13C、δ18O、δ15N)和牙齿磨损(中层磨损和微磨损)分析。对马牙齿珐琅质的增量分析表明,碳酸盐 δ18O 值存在季节性变化,但碳酸盐 δ13C 值没有发现变化,这反映出一年中饮食和栖息地相当稳定。然而,碳酸盐δ13C的个体间对比高于个体内对比,表明每个地层单元的个体间环境条件不同。在赤鹿牙齿中,珐琅质碳酸盐δ13C和δ18O的季节性信号显示出相似的趋势。此外,与马相比,红鹿牙齿的碳酸釉质和骨胶原的δ13C值更高,中层磨损和微磨损评分的变异性也更大,这反映了红鹿的混食习性。尽管在介孔磨损和微磨损中存在强烈的放牧信号,但马的δ13C值较低,这表明马比红鹿更依赖于相对更潮湿的栖息地,而红鹿很可能在冬季在有干旱植物的更干燥环境中觅食。在与 GS-3 或末次冰川极盛期共存的终格拉维蒂期的严酷气候条件下,胶原蛋白 δ13C 和 δ15N 值的不同尤其说明了生态分区的这些差异。赤鹿适应波动环境条件的能力与马在马赛克栖息地条件下的生态位持久性形成了鲜明对比。
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