Open-source 3D printed reactors for reproducible batch and continuous-flow photon-induced chemistry: design and characterization†‡

Abstract

In both batch and continuous-flow reactor technology, reproducibility can be challenging for photochemical processes due to setup variability. One major contributor to this issue is the lack of standardized reactor solutions, particularly in academic laboratories where cost is often a prohibitive factor to purchase commercially-available reactor technology. However, advancements in 3D printing technologies and the availability of high-intensity light sources present an opportunity to develop cost-effective laboratory equipment. In this work, we present a diverse set of open-source reactor designs aimed at democratizing photochemistry while reducing the barrier of expensive technology. We introduce three new reactor designs: the UFO reactor for batch reactions, the Uflow reactor for seamless transition to flow processes, and the Fidget reactor for scale-up. After detailing the design principles and rationale behind these configurations, we characterize and evaluate their performance through simulations and experiments. These designs offer a standardized and affordable point of entry for researchers interested in exploring batch and flow photochemistry.