Trends in vaping and smoking following the rise of disposable e-cigarettes: a repeat cross-sectional study in England between 2016 and 2023

Abstract

Background

There has been a rapid rise in disposable (single-use) e-cigarette vaping among young adults in England since June 2021 (leading to a planned ban on these products). We examined how this has affected population trends in current (i) vaping, (ii) tobacco smoking, and (iii) inhaled nicotine use.

Methods

We used data from a nationally-representative monthly repeat cross-sectional survey of adults (≥18) in England (n = 132,252; July-2016–May-2023). Using interrupted time-series analyses (segmented logistic regression), we estimated yearly trends in current tobacco smoking, vaping, and inhaled nicotine use (smoking and/or vaping) before (‘pre-disposables’) and after June-2021 (‘post-disposables’), stratified by age group (18 to 24, 25 to 44, 45 and over). We also examined trends in daily use and in vaping among never-smokers.

Findings

Pre-disposables, vaping and smoking prevalence had been stable or declining across all age groups. However, post-disposables, the odds of current vaping increased by 99% per year among 18 to 24-year-olds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.71 to 2.31), compared with 39% (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.26 to 1.52) in 25 to 44-year-olds and 23% (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.35) in those aged 45 or older. Smoking rates continued to decline — albeit modestly — in 18 to 24-year-olds (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.77 to 1.00) and 25 to 44-year-olds (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.86 to 1.00), but increased among those aged 45 or older (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.20). As a result, post-disposables, the overall prevalence of inhaled nicotine use increased across all age groups. Trends were similar for daily use, but post-disposables increases in vaping were greatest among people who had never regularly smoked (e.g., 18 to 24-year-olds: OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.82 to 3.43).

Interpretation

Since disposable vapes started becoming popular in England, historic declines in nicotine use have reversed. Now, nicotine use appears to be rising, driven primarily by sharp increases in vaping among young people. Smoking declines have been most pronounced in age groups with the largest increases in vaping.

Funding

Cancer Research UK.