Time, valence, and imagination: a comparative study of thoughts in restricted and unrestricted mind wandering.

IF 2.2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-20 DOI:10.1007/s00426-024-01969-2

Halleyson Li, Thomas Hills

{"title":"Time, valence, and imagination: a comparative study of thoughts in restricted and unrestricted mind wandering.","authors":"Halleyson Li, Thomas Hills","doi":"10.1007/s00426-024-01969-2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>William James' \"stream of thought\" is a key component of human cognition. Such thoughts arise in both restricted and unrestricted contexts, either with or without the presence of a secondary task. This study examines the similarities and differences in thoughts produced in these two contexts, which we call restricted and unrestricted mind wandering. Participants performed a mindfulness task representing restricted mind wandering and an unrestricted thought task where they spontaneously explored thoughts, reporting them as they arose. Participants then self-rated their thoughts based on valence, temporal orientation (past/present/future), and reality orientation (imaginary vs. real). Participants' emotional states were also evaluated using the Emotion Recall Task (ERT) and the PANAS questionnaire. Unrestricted mind wandering generated more thoughts, which were more positive and future-oriented than those in restricted mind wandering. Additionally, participants' thought valence correlated with their PANAS and ERT scores. Approximately 1 out of 4 thoughts in both restricted and unrestricted mind wandering were imaginary, with increased future orientation linked to more imaginative thought. Despite the statistical differences separating restricted and unrestricted thought, effect sizes were predominantly small, indicating that the thoughts arise during these two types of mind wandering are largely of the same kind.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","FirstCategoryId":"102","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-024-01969-2","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/5/20 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

William James' "stream of thought" is a key component of human cognition. Such thoughts arise in both restricted and unrestricted contexts, either with or without the presence of a secondary task. This study examines the similarities and differences in thoughts produced in these two contexts, which we call restricted and unrestricted mind wandering. Participants performed a mindfulness task representing restricted mind wandering and an unrestricted thought task where they spontaneously explored thoughts, reporting them as they arose. Participants then self-rated their thoughts based on valence, temporal orientation (past/present/future), and reality orientation (imaginary vs. real). Participants' emotional states were also evaluated using the Emotion Recall Task (ERT) and the PANAS questionnaire. Unrestricted mind wandering generated more thoughts, which were more positive and future-oriented than those in restricted mind wandering. Additionally, participants' thought valence correlated with their PANAS and ERT scores. Approximately 1 out of 4 thoughts in both restricted and unrestricted mind wandering were imaginary, with increased future orientation linked to more imaginative thought. Despite the statistical differences separating restricted and unrestricted thought, effect sizes were predominantly small, indicating that the thoughts arise during these two types of mind wandering are largely of the same kind.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

时间、情绪和想象力：受限和非受限思维游荡中思想的比较研究。

威廉-詹姆斯的 "思维流 "是人类认知的一个重要组成部分。这种思维产生于有限制和无限制的情境中，无论是否存在次要任务。本研究探讨了在这两种情境下产生的想法的异同，我们称之为受限和非受限思绪游走。受试者进行了一项代表受限思维游走的正念任务和一项非受限思维任务，在这两项任务中，受试者会自发地探索自己的想法，并在想法出现时将其报告出来。然后，受试者根据思想的价值、时间取向（过去/现在/未来）和现实取向（想象与现实）对他们的思想进行自我评价。此外，还使用情绪回忆任务（ERT）和 PANAS 问卷对参与者的情绪状态进行了评估。与限制性思维徘徊相比，非限制性思维徘徊产生了更多积极和面向未来的想法。此外，参与者的思维价值与他们的 PANAS 和 ERT 分数相关。在限制性和非限制性思维徘徊中，大约每 4 个想法中就有 1 个是想象出来的，而未来取向的增加与更多的想象性思维有关。尽管限制性思维和非限制性思维在统计学上存在差异，但影响大小主要较小，这表明在这两种思维游荡过程中产生的想法大致相同。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL-

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

8.70%

发文量

137

期刊介绍： Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung publishes articles that contribute to a basic understanding of human perception, attention, memory, and action. The Journal is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge based on firm experimental ground, but not to particular approaches or schools of thought. Theoretical and historical papers are welcome to the extent that they serve this general purpose; papers of an applied nature are acceptable if they contribute to basic understanding or serve to bridge the often felt gap between basic and applied research in the field covered by the Journal.