Can he say that? Who’s going to stop him?: Liberal and conservative racial norm enforcements against Trump’s racial derogations

IF 0.9 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY
Jesse Yeh
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Throughout his campaigns and presidency, Trump repeatedly flouted the norm prohibiting racially derogatory appeals, leading many to wonder if modern racial norms against explicit racism had eroded. Despite the centrality of the normative prohibitions against explicit racism in the scholarship of modern racisms, few examined how these racial norms operate as norms. This paper foregrounds two interventions. First, I emphasize that studies of racial norms must interrogate not only parameters of acceptable behaviors, but also mechanisms for sanction. Second, I highlight that, as all norms are simultaneously cooperative and coercive, how social actors construct the meanings of the norm itself shapes its enforcement. This paper draws from interviews with a multiracial group of 65 liberal and conservative activists to answer how they understand the acceptability of Trump's remarks and how they reasoned the actions they did or did not take as a result. I find that even enthusiastic Trump supporters recognize Trump's remarks as unacceptable. Yet, both liberals and conservatives express unwillingness to sanction Trump's behavior. This is especially the case among the understudied conservatives of color. I highlight that both liberals and conservatives refrain from sanctioning Trump and his supporters by constructing racial norms as coercive.

他能这么说吗?谁来阻止他?自由派和保守派对特朗普种族贬损的种族规范执行情况
在整个竞选和总统任期内,特朗普一再藐视禁止种族贬损呼吁的规范,这让许多人怀疑现代反对显性种族主义的种族规范是否已被削弱。尽管禁止露骨种族主义的规范在现代种族主义的学术研究中占据核心地位,但很少有人研究这些种族规范是如何作为规范运作的。本文提出了两项干预措施。首先,我强调对种族规范的研究不仅要探究可接受行为的参数,还要探究制裁机制。其次,我强调,由于所有规范都同时具有合作性和强制性,社会行动者如何构建规范本身的含义会影响规范的执行。本文通过对一个由 65 名自由派和保守派活动家组成的多种族群体的访谈,回答了他们如何理解特朗普言论的可接受性,以及他们如何推理自己因此而采取或不采取的行动。我发现,即使是热情的特朗普支持者也承认特朗普的言论是不可接受的。然而,自由派和保守派都表示不愿意认可特朗普的行为。这在未被充分研究的有色人种保守派中尤为明显。我强调,自由派和保守派都是通过将种族规范建构为强制性规范来避免制裁特朗普及其支持者的。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
3.40%
发文量
26
期刊介绍: From modernity''s onset, social theorists have been announcing the death of meaning, at the hands of market forces, impersonal power, scientific expertise, and the pervasive forces of rationalization and industrialization. Yet, cultural structures and processes have proved surprisingly resilient. Relatively autonomous patterns of meaning - sweeping narratives and dividing codes, redolent if elusive symbols, fervent demands for purity and cringing fears of pollution - continue to exert extraordinary effects on action and institutions. They affect structures of inequality, racism and marginality, gender and sexuality, crime and punishment, social movements, market success and citizen incorporation. New and old new media project continuous symbolic reconstructions of private and public life. As contemporary sociology registered the continuing robustness of cultural power, the new discipline of cultural sociology was born. How should these complex cultural processes be conceptualized? What are the best empirical ways to study social meaning? Even as debates rage around these field-specific theoretical and methodological questions, a broadly cultural sensibility has spread into every arena of sociological study, illuminating how struggles over meaning affect the most disparate processes of contemporary social life.Bringing together the best of these studies and debates, the American Journal of Cultural Sociology (AJCS) publicly crystallizes the cultural turn in contemporary sociology. By providing a common forum for the many voices engaged in meaning-centered social inquiry, the AJCS will facilitate communication, sharpen contrasts, sustain clarity, and allow for periodic condensation and synthesis of different perspectives. The journal aims to provide a single space where cultural sociologists can follow the latest developments and debates within the field. The American Journal of Cultural Sociology is indexed by SCOPUS, a database listing journals and country scientific indicators and rankings, and is also indexed in Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science Core Collection, in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). SSCI provides searchable author abstracts for the leading journals in 55 social science disciplines, with a comprehensive backfile of cited reference data from 1900 to the present. AJCS’s inclusion in the SSCI provides greater discoverability for the journal and allows for real-time insight into the citation performance.We welcome high quality submissions of any length and focus: contemporary and historical studies, macro and micro, institutional and symbolic, ethnographic and statistical, philosophical and methodological. Contemporary cultural sociology has developed from European and American roots, and today is an international field. The AJCS will publish rigorous, meaning-centered sociology whatever its origins and focus, and will distribute it around the world.
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