The Ne/N ratio in applied conservation

IF 3.5 2区 生物学 Q1 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Robin S. Waples
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Abstract

Recent developments within the IUCN and the Convention on Biological Diversity have affirmed the increasingly key role that effective population size (Ne) and the effective size: census size ratio (Ne/N) play in applied conservation and management of global biodiversity. This paper reviews and synthesizes information regarding the definition of Ne and demographic and genetic methods for estimating effective size, census size, and their ratio. Emphasis is on single-generation estimates of contemporary Ne/N, which are the most informative for practical applications. It is crucial to clearly define which individuals are included in the census size (N). Defining N as the number of adults alive at a given time facilitates comparisons across species. For a wide range of applications and experimental designs, inbreeding Ne is simpler to calculate and interpret than variance Ne. Effects of skewed sex ratio are generally modest, so most reductions to Ne/N arise from overdispersed (greater-than-Poisson) variance in offspring number ( σ k 2 $$ {\sigma}_k^2 $$ ). Even when fecundity changes with age, overdispersed within-age variance generally contributes most to overall σ k 2 $$ {\sigma}_k^2 $$ , and both random and deterministic (mediated by selection) factors can be important. Most species are age-structured, so it is important to distinguish between effective size per generation (Ne) and the effective number of breeders in one season or year (Nb). Both Ne and Nb are important for applied conservation and management. For iteroparous species, a key metric is variance in lifetime reproductive success ( σ k 2 $$ {\sigma}_{k\bullet}^2 $$ ), which can be affected by a variety of additional factors, including variation in longevity, skip or intermittent breeding, and persistent individual differences in reproductive success. Additional factors that can be important for some species are also discussed, including mating systems, population structure, sex reversal, reproductive compensation, captive propagation, and delayed maturity.

Abstract Image

应用保护中的 Ne/N 比率。
世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)和《生物多样性公约》的最新进展证实,有效种群数量(N e)和有效种群数量:普查种群数量比(N e/N)在全球生物多样性的应用保护和管理中发挥着越来越关键的作用。本文回顾并综合了有关 N e 的定义以及估算有效种群规模、普查规模及其比率的人口学和遗传学方法的信息。重点是当代 N e/N 的单代估计值,这对实际应用最有参考价值。明确界定哪些个体包含在普查规模(N)中至关重要。将 N 定义为特定时间内存活的成体数量有利于进行跨物种比较。对于广泛的应用和实验设计而言,近交系数 N e 比方差 N e 更容易计算和解释。性比偏斜的影响通常不大,因此 N e/N 的减少大多来自后代数量(σk2)的过度分散(大于泊松)方差。即使繁殖力随年龄变化,过度分散的年龄内变异通常也是造成总体 σk2 的主要原因,随机因素和确定性因素(由选择介导)都可能很重要。大多数物种都是年龄结构的,因此必须区分每一代的有效大小(N e)和一个季节或年份中繁殖者的有效数量(N b)。N e 和 N b 对于应用保护和管理都很重要。对于迭代繁殖的物种,一个关键指标是终生繁殖成功率的差异(σk-2),它可能受到多种其他因素的影响,包括寿命差异、跳跃繁殖或间歇繁殖以及繁殖成功率的持续个体差异。此外,还讨论了对某些物种可能很重要的其他因素,包括交配系统、种群结构、性别逆转、生殖补偿、人工繁殖和延迟成熟。
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来源期刊
Evolutionary Applications
Evolutionary Applications 生物-进化生物学
CiteScore
8.50
自引率
7.30%
发文量
175
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: Evolutionary Applications is a fully peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes papers that utilize concepts from evolutionary biology to address biological questions of health, social and economic relevance. Papers are expected to employ evolutionary concepts or methods to make contributions to areas such as (but not limited to): medicine, agriculture, forestry, exploitation and management (fisheries and wildlife), aquaculture, conservation biology, environmental sciences (including climate change and invasion biology), microbiology, and toxicology. All taxonomic groups are covered from microbes, fungi, plants and animals. In order to better serve the community, we also now strongly encourage submissions of papers making use of modern molecular and genetic methods (population and functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenetics, quantitative genetics, association and linkage mapping) to address important questions in any of these disciplines and in an applied evolutionary framework. Theoretical, empirical, synthesis or perspective papers are welcome.
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