WHO elements – A new category of selfish genetic elements at the borderline between homing elements and transposable elements

IF 6.2 2区 生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY
Matthieu Osborne, Athaliah Fubara, Eoin Ó Cinnéide, Aisling Y. Coughlan, Kenneth H. Wolfe
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Abstract

Homing genetic elements are a form of selfish DNA that inserts into a specific target site in the genome and spreads through the population by a process of biased inheritance. Two well-known types of homing element, called inteins and homing introns, were discovered decades ago. In this review we describe WHO elements, a newly discovered type of homing element that constitutes a distinct third category but is rare, having been found only in a few yeast species so far. WHO elements are inferred to spread using the same molecular homing mechanism as inteins and introns: they encode a site-specific endonuclease that cleaves the genome at the target site, making a DNA break that is subsequently repaired by copying the element. For most WHO elements, the target site is in the glycolytic gene FBA1. WHO elements differ from inteins and homing introns in two fundamental ways: they do not interrupt their host gene (FBA1), and they occur in clusters. The clusters were formed by successive integrations of different WHO elements into the FBA1 locus, the result of an ‘arms race’ between the endonuclease and its target site. We also describe one family of WHO elements (WHO10) that is no longer specifically associated with the FBA1 locus and instead appears to have become transposable, inserting at random genomic sites in Torulaspora globosa with up to 26 copies per strain. The WHO family of elements is therefore at the borderline between homing genetic elements and transposable elements.

世卫组织元件--介于同源元件和转座元件之间的一类新的自私遗传元件。
同源遗传因子是一种自私的 DNA,它插入基因组中的特定目标位点,并通过偏向遗传的过程在群体中传播。几十年前,人们就发现了两种众所周知的归巢元件,分别称为内含子和归巢内含子。在这篇综述中,我们将介绍一种新发现的同源元件--WHO元件,它构成了独特的第三类同源元件,但非常罕见,迄今只在少数酵母物种中发现过。据推断,WHO 元子与内含子和内含子一样,都是利用分子归巢机制进行传播的:它们编码一种位点特异性内切酶,能在目标位点裂解基因组,造成 DNA 断裂,随后通过复制元件进行修复。对于大多数 WHO 基因元件来说,目标位点位于糖酵解基因 FBA1 中。世卫组织元件与内含子和归巢内含子有两个根本区别:它们不会中断宿主基因(FBA1),而且是成簇出现。这些基因簇是由不同的WHO元件连续整合到FBA1基因座中形成的,是内切酶与其目标位点之间 "军备竞赛 "的结果。我们还描述了一个世卫组织元件家族(WHO10),它不再与 FBA1 基因座有特异性关联,而似乎已成为可转座元件,插入到球花藻(Torulaspora globosa)的随机基因组位点,每个菌株多达 26 个拷贝。因此,世卫组织元件家族处于同源遗传元件和转座元件的交界处。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
15.10
自引率
1.40%
发文量
310
审稿时长
9.1 weeks
期刊介绍: Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology is a review journal dedicated to keeping scientists informed of developments in the field of molecular cell and developmental biology, on a topic by topic basis. Each issue is thematic in approach, devoted to an important topic of interest to cell and developmental biologists, focusing on the latest advances and their specific implications. The aim of each issue is to provide a coordinated, readable, and lively review of a selected area, published rapidly to ensure currency.
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