Development of an IoT smart energy meter with power quality features for a smart grid architecture

Abstract

Electricity consumption has been intensifying due to population growth, climate change, urbanization, and the growing use of electronic devices, which are increasingly non-linear loads that cause poor power quality conditions. The trend of the Internet of Things has led to the creation of devices that encourage the efficient and effective utilization of electrical power. This in turn facilitates the development of modern power distribution structures such as smart grids. Consequently, this paper presents in detail the design, construction, and validation of a three-phase IoT smart meter intended to form part of the end-user demand side of a smart grid. The compact embedded system, with a manufacturing cost below $80 USD, features a unique electronic design that enables its installation in any load center and employs a straightforward IoT structure that includes WiFi technology for Internet communication. Also, a deployed web application was developed specifically to display the smart meter measurements. Unlike other smart meters, the proposed meter not only provides the amount of active energy consumption, but total and fundamental RMS current and voltage, active, reactive, and apparent power, reactive energy, power factor, and some power quality parameters such as, line frequency, amplitude of 64 current harmonics, and total harmonic distortion. Additionally, this study shows that the prototype achieves an absolute error of less than 1% in all its measurements. Finally, real-life applications of the developed device are demonstrated in residential environments.