The Complexity of Female Empowerment in India

Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance

Studies in Microeconomics Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI:10.1177/23210222241237030

Siwan Anderson

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Abstract

On a global scale, India ranks very poorly in terms of gender equality. This overall indicator masks important heterogeneities across the separate measures of female empowerment. India scores very highly with regards to equality of civil liberties and the political participation of women. But the country falls well below the global average with respect to equal access to economic resources and protection from gender-based violence. These poorer empowerment indicators have persisted not only in the wake of strong economic progress, but also in the context of an impressive set of government led reforms and policies targeting women. These different initiatives have successfully augmented women’s agency in both the private and public spheres of life, but women and girls still face extreme discrimination and violence. The salience of restrictive local customs appears to be a core hindrance towards transformative change. This paper reviews the economics literature which examines this complexity across the different dimensions of female empowerment in India. It highlights the newly emerging research focused on ameliorating gender biased norms and discusses potential steps forward. JEL Classifications: J12, J16

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印度女性赋权的复杂性

在全球范围内，印度在性别平等方面的排名非常靠后。这一总体指标掩盖了女性赋权的不同衡量标准之间的重要差异。印度在公民自由平等和妇女参政方面得分很高。但在平等获得经济资源和免受性别暴力侵害方面，印度却远远低于全球平均水平。这些较差的赋权指标不仅是在经济取得巨大进步的情况下持续存在的，也是在政府领导的一系列针对妇女的改革和政策给人留下深刻印象的情况下持续存在的。这些不同的举措成功地增强了妇女在私人和公共生活领域的能动性，但妇女和女童仍然面临着极端的歧视和暴力。限制性的地方习俗似乎是阻碍变革的核心因素。本文回顾了研究印度女性赋权不同层面复杂性的经济学文献。它强调了新近出现的以改善有性别偏见的规范为重点的研究，并讨论了今后可能采取的措施。JEL 分类：J12, J16

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来源期刊

Studies in Microeconomics Economics, Econometrics and Finance-Economics, Econometrics and Finance (all)

CiteScore

1.40

自引率

0.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： Studies in Microeconomics seeks high quality theoretical as well as applied (or empirical) research in all areas of microeconomics (broadly defined to include other avenues of decision science such as psychology, political science and organizational behavior). In particular, we encourage submissions in new areas of Microeconomics such as in the fields of Experimental economics and Behavioral Economics. All manuscripts will be subjected to a peer-review process. The intended audience of the journal are professional economists and young researchers with an interest and expertise in microeconomics and above. In addition to full-length articles MIC is interested in publishing and promoting shorter refereed articles (letters and notes) that are pertinent to the specialist in the field of Microeconomics (broadly defined). MIC will periodically publish special issues with themes of particular interest, including articles solicited from leading scholars as well as authoritative survey articles and meta-analysis on the themed topic. We will also publish book reviews related to microeconomics, and MIC encourages publishing articles from policy practitioners dealing with microeconomic issues that have policy relevance under the section Policy Analysis and Debate.