Cholesterol crystal embolism: Unraveling its impact on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Cholesterol crystal embolism (CCE) has emerged as a significant factor in cardiovascular pathology, often overlooked in clinical diagnosis. Its role in eliciting immune responses and contributing to various cardiovascular diseases underscores its clinical importance. This review article delves into the complex interplay between CCE, the immune system, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. CCE, primarily arising from ruptured atherosclerotic plaques, can significantly impact cardiovascular health. It triggers an immune response by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which exacerbate vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. The review highlights the role of CCE in various cardiovascular manifestations, including atheromatous disease progression and plaque rupture, with a particular focus on the clinical presentations, differential diagnoses, and impact on organs like the heart, kidneys, and peripheral vasculature. Additionally, it addresses the diagnostic challenges and the criteria for identifying CCE, emphasizing the role of imaging and biopsy. Therapeutic approaches, including the use of statins and anti-inflammatory medications, are discussed, along with management strategies for complications. The review concludes with an overview of the prognostic factors, mortality rates, and quality of life considerations for patients with CCE, providing insights into the importance of early detection and comprehensive management.