Occurrence of Selected Pharmaceuticals in the East London Coastline Encompassing Major Rivers, Estuaries, and Seawater in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

IF 4.6 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL
Ronewa Netshithothole,  and , Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela*, 
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Abstract

This study investigated the occurrence of ibuprofen, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and efavirenz in water resources (river, estuarine, and sea waters) of the East London coastline, South Africa. These pharmaceuticals were previously reported to be dominant in wastewater and inland rivers of South Africa. Hence, it is important to monitor their occurrence in the coastal and marine environment. The pharmaceuticals of interest were extracted with a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed by using a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument. The analytical method was validated by spiking the environmental samples with a mixture of pharmaceuticals at two concentration levels (5 and 15 μg L–1). The analytical method yielded acceptable recoveries ranging from 75 to 107%, with method quantitation limits from 0.16 to 9.44 ng of L–1. All five targeted pharmaceuticals were detected in seawater samples, with ibuprofen recording the highest concentration of 90 ng L–1. However, it was efavirenz and sulfamethoxazole with the highest concentrations of 572 and 60 ng L–1, respectively, in the Gonubie River that showed high ecotoxicological risks toward the aquatic organisms. There were no risks associated with the occurrence of other targeted pharmaceuticals. The suspect screening showed the occurrence of 57 additional pharmaceuticals in samples, with antibiotics being more dominant. The results of the present study demonstrate a need to perform a more robust investigation on the occurrence of a wide range of pharmaceuticals along the South African coasts.

Abstract Image

Abstract Image

南非东开普省包括主要河流、河口和海水在内的东伦敦海岸线的部分药物含量
本研究调查了南非东伦敦海岸线水资源(河流、河口和海水)中布洛芬、萘普生、磺胺甲恶唑、三甲氧苄啶和依非韦伦的含量。此前曾有报告称,这些药物在南非的废水和内陆河流中占主导地位。因此,监测它们在沿海和海洋环境中的出现非常重要。相关药物采用固相萃取法提取,并使用液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱仪进行分析。通过在环境样品中添加两个浓度水平(5 和 15 μg L-1)的药物混合物,对分析方法进行了验证。分析方法的回收率为 75% 至 107%,方法定量限为 0.16 至 9.44 纳克/升。海水样本中检测到了所有五种目标药物,其中布洛芬的浓度最高,为 90 纳克/升。不过,在戈努比河中,依非韦伦和磺胺甲噁唑的最高浓度分别为 572 纳克/升和 60 纳克/升,对水生生物的生态毒理学风险较高。其他目标药物的出现没有相关风险。疑似筛选结果表明,样品中还含有 57 种药物,其中抗生素占多数。本研究的结果表明,有必要对南非沿海出现的各种药物进行更深入的调查。
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来源期刊
ACS Measurement Science Au
ACS Measurement Science Au 化学计量学-
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
期刊介绍: ACS Measurement Science Au is an open access journal that publishes experimental computational or theoretical research in all areas of chemical measurement science. Short letters comprehensive articles reviews and perspectives are welcome on topics that report on any phase of analytical operations including sampling measurement and data analysis. This includes:Chemical Reactions and SelectivityChemometrics and Data ProcessingElectrochemistryElemental and Molecular CharacterizationImagingInstrumentationMass SpectrometryMicroscale and Nanoscale systemsOmics (Genomics Proteomics Metabonomics Metabolomics and Bioinformatics)Sensors and Sensing (Biosensors Chemical Sensors Gas Sensors Intracellular Sensors Single-Molecule Sensors Cell Chips Arrays Microfluidic Devices)SeparationsSpectroscopySurface analysisPapers dealing with established methods need to offer a significantly improved original application of the method.
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