The role of extracellular vesicle immune checkpoints in cancer.

IF 3.4 3区医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY

Clinical and experimental immunology Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI:10.1093/cei/uxae026

Weiming Zhang, Mingrong Ou, Ping Yang, Mingzhe Ning

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Abstract

Immune checkpoints (ICPs) play a crucial role in regulating the immune response. In the tumor, malignant cells can hijack the immunosuppressive effects of inhibitory ICPs to promote tumor progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by a variety of cells and contain bioactive molecules on their surface or within their lumen. The expression of ICPs has also been detected in EVs. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that extracellular vesicle immune checkpoints (EV ICPs) have immunomodulatory effects and are involved in tumor immunity. EV ICPs isolated from the peripheral blood of cancer patients are closely associated with the tumor progression and the prognosis of cancer patients. Blocking inhibitory ICPs has been recognized as an effective strategy in cancer treatment. However, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer treatment is hindered by the emergence of therapeutic resistance, which limits their widespread use. Researchers have demonstrated that EV ICPs are correlated with clinical response to ICIs therapy and were involved in therapeutic resistance. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the immunomodulatory effects, underlying mechanisms, and clinical significance of EV ICPs in cancer. This review aims to comprehensively explore these aspects. We have provided a comprehensive description of the cellular origins, immunomodulatory effects, and clinical significance of EV ICPs in cancer, based on relevant studies.

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细胞外囊泡免疫检查点在癌症中的作用。

免疫检查点（ICPs）在调节免疫反应方面发挥着至关重要的作用。在肿瘤中，恶性细胞可以劫持抑制性 ICPs 的免疫抑制作用，促进肿瘤进展。细胞外囊泡 (EV) 由多种细胞产生，其表面或腔内含有生物活性分子。在 EVs 上也检测到了 ICPs 的表达。体外和体内研究表明，细胞外囊泡免疫检查点（EV ICPs）具有免疫调节作用，并参与肿瘤免疫。从癌症患者外周血中分离出的EV ICPs与肿瘤进展和癌症患者的预后密切相关。阻断抑制性 ICPs 已被视为癌症治疗的有效策略。然而，免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）在癌症治疗中的疗效却因出现耐药性而受到阻碍，限制了其广泛应用。研究人员已经证明，EV ICPs 与 ICIs 治疗的临床反应相关，并参与了治疗耐药性的产生。因此，研究 EV ICPs 在癌症中的免疫调节作用、内在机制和临床意义至关重要。本综述旨在全面探讨这些方面。我们以相关研究为基础，全面阐述了 EV ICPs 在癌症中的细胞起源、免疫调节作用和临床意义。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Clinical and experimental immunology 医学-免疫学

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

2.20%

发文量

101

审稿时长

3-8 weeks

期刊介绍： Clinical & Experimental Immunology (established in 1966) is an authoritative international journal publishing high-quality research studies in translational and clinical immunology that have the potential to transform our understanding of the immunopathology of human disease and/or change clinical practice. The journal is focused on translational and clinical immunology and is among the foremost journals in this field, attracting high-quality papers from across the world. Translation is viewed as a process of applying ideas, insights and discoveries generated through scientific studies to the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of human disease. Clinical immunology has evolved as a field to encompass the application of state-of-the-art technologies such as next-generation sequencing, metagenomics and high-dimensional phenotyping to understand mechanisms that govern the outcomes of clinical trials.