The Availability Heuristic

Qianning Cao
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Abstract

Few fields of psychology have undergone such dramatic conceptual changes over the past dozen years as the emerging science of heuristics. Heuristics are effective cognitive processes that consciously or unconsciously ignore part of information. Good heuristics can greatly reduce the time it takes to solve a problem by avoiding some unlikely possibilities, and although heuristic processes tend to find solutions or outcomes that are often valid or correct, they may only be correct, provable, optimal, or accurate sometimes. However, decision making based on heuristics is often sufficient to solve small-scale problems and provide solutions in uncertain situations where complete information is not available. Heuristics rely on shortcuts to provide immediate, efficient and short-term solutions to facilitate timely decision making. People need to understand how cognitive heuristics work in an uncertain world, combined with practical applications or theory, to help analyze the performance and use areas of heuristics, so that they can continue to evolve and improve.
可用性启发式
在过去的十几年里,很少有心理学领域能像启发式思维这门新兴科学一样,在概念上发生如此巨大的变化。启发式是一种有效的认知过程,它可以有意识或无意识地忽略部分信息。好的启发式方法可以避开一些不太可能的可能性,从而大大缩短解决问题的时间。虽然启发式过程往往能找到有效或正确的解决方案或结果,但它们有时可能只是正确的、可证明的、最佳的或准确的。然而,基于启发式的决策往往足以解决小规模的问题,并在无法获得完整信息的不确定情况下提供解决方案。启发法依靠捷径来提供即时、高效和短期的解决方案,以便及时做出决策。人们需要了解认知启发式方法如何在不确定的世界中发挥作用,结合实际应用或理论,帮助分析启发式方法的性能和使用领域,使其不断发展和完善。
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