Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Arable Soils around Adudu Lead – Zinc Mine, North-Central Nigeria

J. Onwuka, E. Jasper, Gladys Onwuka
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Abstract

Mining is a major source of toxic heavy metals into the soil when mine wastes are discharged into the nearby farmlands used for the cultivation of food crops. This study investigated the influence of Pb–Zn mining on the quality and ecological risk of arable soils around active mining sites in Adudu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Composite soil samples were collected at 0–20 cm depth, pulverized, and analyzed for heavy metal (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentration using X–ray fluorescence technique. Enrichment factor, geo–accumulation index, improved Nemerow index (IIN), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), pollution load index (PLI), and ecological risk assessment (ERA) were used to evaluate the effect of the mining activities on the environment. Results showed elevated levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Cr in arable soils around the mine and lower levels of these metals in the control soil. IIN, Cd, and PLI showed that the mine and the nearby arable soils were the most deteriorated, and soil quality improved away from the mining vicinity. ERA revealed that the mine and the closest arable soils (sites F1 and F4) have significant to high ecological risk index as a result of the dominant presence of Pb, Zn, and Cu at the sites. Thus, arable soils which are disposal channels for mine wastes are not good for growing food crops. This study clearly shows that Pb–Zn mining activities introduced heavy metals into the arable soils surrounding the mine.
尼日利亚中北部阿杜杜铅锌矿周围耕地土壤中潜在有毒金属的生态风险评估
采矿业是土壤中有毒重金属的主要来源,因为采矿废料被排放到附近用于种植粮食作物的农田中。本研究调查了尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州阿杜杜活跃矿区周围的铅锌矿开采对耕地土壤质量和生态风险的影响。研究人员采集了 0-20 厘米深的复合土壤样本,粉碎后使用 X 射线荧光技术分析了重金属(Al、As、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb 和 Zn)的浓度。利用富集因子、地质累积指数、改进的内默罗指数 (IIN)、污染因子 (CF)、污染程度 (Cd)、污染负荷指数 (PLI) 和生态风险评估 (ERA) 来评估采矿活动对环境的影响。结果显示,矿区周围耕地土壤中铅、锌、铜、铁、锰和铬的含量升高,而对照土壤中这些金属的含量较低。IIN、Cd 和 PLI 表明,矿区和附近的耕地土壤恶化最严重,而远离矿区的土壤质量有所改善。ERA显示,由于矿区和最近的耕地土壤(F1和F4地点)主要存在铅、锌和铜,因此生态风险指数很高。因此,作为矿山废弃物处理渠道的耕地土壤不利于种植粮食作物。这项研究清楚地表明,铅锌矿开采活动将重金属带入了矿区周围的耕地土壤中。
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