Plant exosomes: A natural medicine for oral cancer

Sidhanti Nyahatkar, Ketki Kalele
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Abstract

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles produced from endosomes. It carries proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA.1 They are found in several body fluids.2 In general, is involved as a cell signalling molecule in cellular systems, and plays a vital role in several health complications.3, 4 Exosome-associated molecular cargo has a significant role in cancer biomarker instigation and therapeutic development.5 In cancer therapeutic development, exosomes develop a new platform and it is a cell-free approach.6 Several sources of exosomes are used as cancer therapeutics such as exosomes derived from immune cells, stem cells, plants, modified exosomes (chemically and genetically modified), tumour cells.7 Plant-derived exosomes (PDExo) show a significant role in cancer healing.8 Compared to other sources, it is toxicologically safer.7 PDExo is a potential therapeutic tool for oral cancer.8 Sources of PDExo are fruit, vegetables, and different parts of plants.7 PDExo offers an alternative, addressing limitations and expanding sources, marking a promising avenue in exosome research in oral oncology. Its biological activity performs reprogramming the cells toward normal health.9 PDExo has become the solution to several pathological complications.9 It also has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics. It is an effective green drug delivery approach.8, 9 This therapeutic source is more effective due to its biocompatibility, less immune reactivity, low toxicity, and ability to cross biological barriers.9 It is effective compared to the stem cell-derived exosome-based therapeutic approach (because stem cell-derived exosomes promote cancer or inhibit cancer).7 Toxicologically, it is safe as compared to other synthetic exosomes such as engineered and modified exosomes.7, 9 Clinical trial data (source: https://clinicaltrials.gov/) indicated that in the future, PDExo can become an effective treatment approach for oral cancer (NCT01668849). This domain of research still has some questions unsolved, such as exosome heterogeneity (exosome origin, molecular diversity),10 standard insolation protocol, proper molecular profiling, environmental impact on plant exosomes, drug loading standard protocol development, and investigation of phytochemical involvement in anticancer functions of PDExo. Currently, several technological developments like single exosome profiling,10 exosome barcoding11, and advanced nanotechnology (sensor, microfluidic device for highly purified exosome isolation)1 address this complication. Plant-based exosomes represent a promising frontier for therapy in oral cancer. In the future, medicinal PDExo-based oral cancer therapeutics may support the development of natural, effective, and affordable solutions for oral cancer.

Sidhanti Nyahatkar and Ketki Kalele contributed to the preparation and collection of original literature, writing and editing of the manuscript.

The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.

Not applicable.

植物外泌体:治疗口腔癌的天然药物
外泌体是由内泌体产生的细胞外小囊泡。它携带蛋白质、脂质、DNA 和 RNA。1 它们存在于多种体液中。2 一般而言,外泌体作为细胞信号分子参与细胞系统,在多种健康并发症中发挥重要作用。6 有几种外泌体来源被用作癌症疗法,如来自免疫细胞、干细胞、植物、改良外泌体(化学和基因改良)、肿瘤细胞的外泌体。8 PDExo 的来源包括水果、蔬菜和植物的不同部分。7 PDExo 提供了一种替代方法,解决了局限性并扩大了来源,为口腔肿瘤学外泌体研究开辟了一条前景广阔的道路。9 PDExo 还具有抗癌、抗炎和抗氧化特性。它是一种有效的绿色给药方法。8, 9 这种治疗源因其生物相容性、免疫反应性小、毒性低和穿越生物屏障的能力而更加有效。7 在毒理学方面,与其他合成外泌体(如工程外泌体和修饰外泌体)相比,PDExo 是安全的。7, 9 临床试验数据(来源:https://clinicaltrials.gov/)表明,PDExo 未来可成为口腔癌的有效治疗方法(NCT01668849)。这一研究领域仍有一些问题尚未解决,如外泌体异质性(外泌体来源、分子多样性)10 、标准日照方案、适当的分子谱分析、环境对植物外泌体的影响、药物负载标准方案的制定以及植物化学物质参与 PDExo 抗癌功能的研究。目前,单个外泌体分析10 、外泌体条形码11 和先进的纳米技术(传感器、用于高纯度外泌体分离的微流体装置)1 等多项技术的发展解决了这一难题。植物外泌体是治疗口腔癌的一个前景广阔的前沿领域。Sidhanti Nyahatkar 和 Ketki Kalele 参与了原始文献的准备和收集、手稿的撰写和编辑。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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