New graphene-containing pharmaceutical formulations for infrared lamps-based phototherapy of skin cancer: In vitro validation and ex-vivo human skin permeation

Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of human cancer, and treatment usually involves surgery, with alternative strategies being needed. We propose the use of carbopol hydrogels (HG) for topical administration of nanographene oxide (GOn) and partially-reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) for photothermal therapy (PTT) of BCC. GOn and p-rGOn incorporated into the HG present lateral sizes ∼200 nm, being stable for 8 months. After 20 min irradiation with an infrared (IR) photothermal therapy lamp (15.70 mW cm⁻²), GOn-HG increased temperature to 44.7 °C, while p-rGOn-HG reached 47.0 °C. Human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1) cultured with both hydrogels (250 μg mL⁻¹) maintained their morphology and viability. After 20 min IR irradiation, p-rGOn HG (250 μg mL⁻¹) completely eradicated skin cancer cells (A-431). Ex vivo human skin permeability tests showed that the materials can successfully achieve therapeutic concentrations (250 μg mL⁻¹) inside the skin, in 2.0 h for GO HG or 0.5 h for p-rGOn HG.