Does the superfluous killing exhibited by spiders mask the functional response parameters? A case study from the perspective of biological control

IF 1.7 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY
Júlia López-Mercadal, Jacinto Benhadi-Marín, Isabel Rodrigues, Miguel Ángel Miranda, José Alberto Pereira
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Abstract

The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is a xylem-sap feeder and the most abundant and widespread vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) throughout Europe. Control strategies for the disease are based on containment and eradication measures regulated by the European Union. Within the context of biological control, the use of natural enemies aims at limiting the insect vector population in agroecosystems. Spiders are generalist predators with potential as biological control agents occupying all the habitats within crops. Crab spiders (Thomisidae) could be potential natural enemies against P. spumarius. The functional response (FR) of a predator represents the intake rate as a function of food availability and allows estimating feeding behaviour parameters such as the prey handling time and attack rate. However, spiders often kill more prey than they consume, unveiling their capacity as natural enemies. We assessed and compared the FR of Xysticus acerbus (Thomisidae) fed on P. spumarius in the laboratory considering (1) the total number of dead individuals and (2) only the consumed ones. We found that although both FRs were of type-II, they significantly differed. The values of attack rate and handling time for consumed were 0.1 and 3.6, respectively, while for dead, the attack rate was 0.3 and 1.1, being both significantly different. Moreover, the number of overkilled individuals reached a plateau at the highest prey densities. Xysticus acerbus could be a potential natural enemy of P. spumarius. Nevertheless, we suggest that the effect of including the killed but not consumed prey individuals in FR studies using wasteful killing predators should be considered and further studied.

Abstract Image

蜘蛛表现出的过度杀戮是否掩盖了功能反应参数?从生物防治的角度进行案例研究
草甸唾蝽 Philaenus spumarius L.(半翅目:Aphrophoridae)是一种木质部-树冠饲养者,也是整个欧洲最大量和最广泛的黄单胞菌病(Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae)病媒。该疾病的控制策略以欧盟规定的遏制和根除措施为基础。在生物防治方面,使用天敌的目的是限制农业生态系统中的昆虫病媒数量。蜘蛛是一种具有生物防治潜力的食肉动物,在农作物的所有栖息地都能生存。螃蟹蜘蛛(Thomisidae)可以作为潜在的天敌来对付 P. spumarius。捕食者的功能反应(FR)表示作为食物可用性函数的摄取率,并允许估计捕食行为参数,如猎物处理时间和攻击率。然而,蜘蛛杀死的猎物往往多于它们消耗的猎物,这就暴露了它们作为天敌的能力。我们在实验室评估并比较了以 P. spumarius 为食的 Xysticus acerbus(Thomisidae)的致死率,其中考虑到(1)死亡个体的总数和(2)仅消耗的个体。我们发现,虽然两种FR都属于II型,但它们之间存在显著差异。被吃掉的个体的攻击率和处理时间分别为 0.1 和 3.6,而死亡个体的攻击率和处理时间分别为 0.3 和 1.1,两者差异显著。此外,在猎物密度最高时,过量死亡的个体数量达到了一个高峰。Xysticus acerbus 可能是 P. spumarius 的潜在天敌。尽管如此,我们建议在使用浪费型捕食者进行 FR 研究时,应考虑并进一步研究将被杀死但未被消耗的猎物个体包括在内的效果。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.40
自引率
5.30%
发文量
132
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Applied Entomology publishes original articles on current research in applied entomology, including mites and spiders in terrestrial ecosystems. Submit your next manuscript for rapid publication: the average time is currently 6 months from submission to publication. With Journal of Applied Entomology''s dynamic article-by-article publication process, Early View, fully peer-reviewed and type-set articles are published online as soon as they complete, without waiting for full issue compilation.
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