{"title":"Factors related to sound production by the Chinese grasshopper Acrida cinerea during escape","authors":"Tatsuru Kuga, Eiiti Kasuya","doi":"10.3897/jor.33.100865","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Many grasshopper species produce conspicuous sounds while escaping from approaching predators; however, they occasionally escape without producing sounds. The Chinese grasshopper, Acrida cinerea, often exhibits noisy escape behavior. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted using A. cinerea to identify factors related to the production of sound during escape. This study utilized a predator model with an investigator approaching A. cinerea three times. We examined the relationship between the production of sound during escape and the following factors: ambient temperature and relative humidity as environmental factors; sex, body length, body weight, and limb autotomy as prey traits; and the repeated approach as a predator trait. The relationships between noisy escape and flight initiation distance (i.e., predator-prey distance when the prey initiates the escape), distance fled (i.e., distance the prey covered during the escape), and the mode of locomotion during escape (i.e., flying or jumping) were also examined. Noisy escape was observed only in males that escaped by flying, whereas the females and males that escaped by jumping invariably escaped silently. Among males that flew, noisy escape was related to ambient temperature, limb autotomy, and distance fled. The proportion that produced sound increased in parallel with the ambient temperature and distance fled. This proportion was lower among individuals that had autotomized one of their hind legs. These results indicate that noisy escape behavior is most frequent in healthy male A. cinerea under warm conditions.","PeriodicalId":53641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orthoptera Research","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Orthoptera Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.100865","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENTOMOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Many grasshopper species produce conspicuous sounds while escaping from approaching predators; however, they occasionally escape without producing sounds. The Chinese grasshopper, Acrida cinerea, often exhibits noisy escape behavior. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted using A. cinerea to identify factors related to the production of sound during escape. This study utilized a predator model with an investigator approaching A. cinerea three times. We examined the relationship between the production of sound during escape and the following factors: ambient temperature and relative humidity as environmental factors; sex, body length, body weight, and limb autotomy as prey traits; and the repeated approach as a predator trait. The relationships between noisy escape and flight initiation distance (i.e., predator-prey distance when the prey initiates the escape), distance fled (i.e., distance the prey covered during the escape), and the mode of locomotion during escape (i.e., flying or jumping) were also examined. Noisy escape was observed only in males that escaped by flying, whereas the females and males that escaped by jumping invariably escaped silently. Among males that flew, noisy escape was related to ambient temperature, limb autotomy, and distance fled. The proportion that produced sound increased in parallel with the ambient temperature and distance fled. This proportion was lower among individuals that had autotomized one of their hind legs. These results indicate that noisy escape behavior is most frequent in healthy male A. cinerea under warm conditions.
许多蚱蜢物种在逃离接近的捕食者时都会发出明显的声音;不过,它们偶尔也会在不发出声音的情况下逃跑。中国蚱蜢(Acrida cinerea)经常表现出嘈杂的逃跑行为。因此,我们利用中华蚱蜢进行了一项野外实验,以确定与逃跑时发出声音有关的因素。这项研究采用了捕食者模型,研究人员三次接近 A. cinerea。我们研究了逃逸过程中声音的产生与以下因素之间的关系:环境因素中的环境温度和相对湿度;猎物特征中的性别、体长、体重和肢体自切;捕食者特征中的重复接近。此外,还研究了噪声逃逸与逃逸开始距离(即猎物开始逃逸时捕食者与猎物之间的距离)、逃逸距离(即猎物在逃逸过程中的距离)以及逃逸过程中的运动方式(即飞行还是跳跃)之间的关系。只有用飞的方式逃跑的雄性才会发出嘈杂的逃跑声,而用跳的方式逃跑的雌性和雄性都是无声逃跑。在飞行逃跑的雄性中,发出声音的逃跑与环境温度、肢体自转和逃跑距离有关。发出声音的比例随着环境温度和逃跑距离的增加而增加。后肢自动切除的个体发出声音的比例较低。这些结果表明,在温暖条件下,健康雄性银环蛇最常见的是发出声音的逃跑行为。