The Clinical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Features of Bone Metastases - A Review

Abstract

Malignant tumors can spread differently, and bone metastasis is a complex process starting years before detection. Cancerous cells adhere in bone marrow spaces, growing undetected. Immunohistochemistry helps diagnose, but up to 30% have unidentified bone metastases despite tests and imaging. This review study introduces a deep learning model (DL-BM) to trace bone metastasis genesis, aiding pathologists when biopsy alone is insufficient. Clinicopathological analysis identifies the main carcinoma site in metastases with unclear origins. Thorough histological examinations of bone biopsies are crucial for suspecting the primary cancer. This review emphasizes using bone degradation indicators to identify bone metastases, tracking disease development, and monitoring treatment response.