The emergence of clonally diverse carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex in West Bengal, India: a dockyard of β-lactamases periling nosocomial infections.

Abstract

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (CRECC) constitutes a global public health threat challenging clinical treatment and infection control, especially in low- and middle-income countries such as India. We analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibility, major β-lactamase genes, plasmid profiles, and genetic relatedness to understand the molecular epidemiology of CRECC clinical isolates (n = 44) in West Bengal, India, during 2021-2022. The majority (> 55%) of the isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and co-trimoxazole, even > 20% for tigecycline and > 35% were extensively drug-resistant. Co-β-lactamase production was categorized into twenty-seven types, importantly NDM (84%), OXA-48 (40%), TEM (61%), CTX-M (46%), OXA-1 (55%), and MIR (27%). The NDM-1 and OXA-181 were major variants with the first observations of NDM-24 and -29 variants in India. Wide-range of plasmids (2 to > 212 kb) were harbored by the β-lactamase-producing isolates: small (91%), medium (27%), large (9%), and mega (71%). IncX3, ColE1, and HI2 were noted in about 30% of isolates, while IncF and R were carried by < 20% of isolates. The clonally diverse CRECC isolates were noted to cause cross-infections, especially at superficial site, bloodstream, and urinary-tract. This is the first molecular surveillance on CRECC in India. The study isolates serve as the dockyard of NDM, TEM, and CTX-M harboring a wide range of plasmids. The outcomes of the study may strengthen local and national policies for infection prevention and control practices, clarifying the genetic diversity among CRECC. Extensive genomic study may further intersect the relationships between these different plasmids, especially with their sizes, types, and antibiotic resistance markers.