Normative Inference Tickets

IF 1.3 2区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY
Jen Foster, Jonathan Ichikawa
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Abstract We argue that stereotypes associated with concepts like he-said–she-said , conspiracy theory , sexual harassment , and those expressed by paradigmatic slurs provide “normative inference tickets”: conceptual permissions to automatic, largely unreflective normative conclusions. These “mental shortcuts” are underwritten by associated stereotypes. Because stereotypes admit of exceptions, normative inference tickets are highly flexible and productive, but also liable to create serious epistemic and moral harms. Epistemically, many are unreliable, yielding false beliefs which resist counterexample; morally, many perpetuate bigotry and oppression. Still, some normative inference tickets, like some activated by sexual harassment , constitute genuine moral and hermeneutical advances. For example, our framework helps explain Miranda Fricker's notion of “hermeneutical lacunae”: what early victims of “sexual harassment” – as well as their harassers – lacked before the term was coined was a communal normative inference ticket – one that could take us, collectively, from “this is happening” to “this is wrong.”
规范推理票据
我们认为,与“他说-她说”、阴谋论、性骚扰等概念相关的刻板印象,以及那些由范式诽谤表达的概念,提供了“规范性推理门票”:对自动的、很大程度上未经反思的规范性结论的概念许可。这些“心理捷径”是由相关的刻板印象所支撑的。因为刻板印象承认例外,规范推理门票是高度灵活和富有成效的,但也容易造成严重的认知和道德危害。在认识论上,许多是不可靠的,产生错误的信念,抵制反例;在道德上,许多人延续了偏见和压迫。尽管如此,一些规范性推理门票,比如一些由性骚扰引发的门票,构成了真正的道德和解释学上的进步。例如,我们的框架有助于解释米兰达·弗里克(Miranda Fricker)的“解释学空白”(hermeneutical lacunae)概念:在“性骚扰”这个词被创造出来之前,“性骚扰”的早期受害者——以及骚扰她们的人——缺乏的是一个共同的规范推理票——一个可以把我们从“这正在发生”带到“这是错误的”的票。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.10
自引率
11.80%
发文量
48
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