A Review on Epigenetic Toxicological Mechanisms of Sildenafil and Its Metabolites, the Emerging Pollutants

Abstract

Sildenafil is a brand-name prescription drug that is approved to treat illnesses such as erectile dysfunction (ED). It belongs to a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. There is a need for increased knowledge on epigenetic environmental toxicological mechanisms of new pollutant sildenafil, its metabolites and its potential environmental health impacts. The scope of the review determines the specific aspects of sildenafil metabolites and the impact of sildenafil on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression. The review expounded that the emerging field of epigenetics has continued to reveal that sildenafil may have an impact beyond its intended purpose of treating erectile dysfunction. Several studies have suggested that sildenafil can alter the epigenetic marks on DNA, potentially leading to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. Even though the full implications of these epigenetic changes are not yet fully understood, they may have far-reaching effects on human health and development. Further research is needed to fully understand the epigenetic effects of sildenafil and other pharmaceuticals and to develop strategies for mitigating any potential risks. It is crucial to consider the broader implications of drug use and to take a proactive approach to promoting public health and safety.