Securing Higher Education Institutions in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Developing a Cybersecurity Risk Management Framework in Malaysia

Abstract

In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, higher education institutions offer a complex, compelling, and exciting opportunity to positively transform society. However, the use of cyber-attacks on various aspects of universities' operating systems has become a cause for concern. This is attributed to the emergence of new approaches, modified frameworks, and increasingly sophisticated information technology (IT) infrastructure, which may pose unknown risks.