Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Critique of Avicennian Psychology and the Transcendental Individuation of Human Souls

M. Fakhuruddin Attar
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Abstract

This article examines the psychological doctrines of the Ashʿarite theologian and polymath Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210). The starting point of the discussion is his critical reception of Avicenna’s (d. ca. 428/1037) psychological theories. I focus on al-Rāzī’s early works on philosophy, in particular al-Mabāḥith al-mashriqiyya and his famous commentary on Avicenna’s al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt. I show that Rāzī affirms a theory of the human soul that is heavily influenced by his predecessor. However, I also show that offers a distinct perspective on fundamental issues. I offer a detailed discussion of two Rāzian psychological doctrines: that human souls are heterogenous, rather than constituting a single species “rational animal” pace Avicenna; and that they are caused by celestial entities called Perfect Natures, a theory that is adopted from the practitioners of talismanic magic. The resulting cosmological theory can be referred to as the transcendental individuation of human souls
法克尔·德鲁克·n al-Rāzī对阿维森纳心理学的批判与人类灵魂的先验个体化
本文考察了Ash - al- arite神学家和博学的Fakhr al- d n al-Rāzī(公元606/1210年)的心理学说。讨论的起点是他对阿维森纳(约428/1037年)心理学理论的批判性接受。我主要关注al-Rāzī的早期哲学著作,特别是<em>al-Mab</em><em>āḥith al-mashriqiyya</em>以及他对阿维森纳的著名评论<em>al-Ish</em><em>ārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt</em>。我指出Rāzī肯定了一个深受他的前任影响的关于人类灵魂的理论。然而,我也表明,这为基本问题提供了一个独特的视角。我提供了两个Rāzian心理学学说的详细讨论:人类的灵魂是异质的,而不是构成一个单一物种的“理性动物”<它们是由被称为“完美本性”的天体实体造成的,这个理论是从护身符魔法的实践者那里采纳的。由此产生的宇宙学理论可以被称为人类灵魂的先验个体化
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