Ankara in Chinese Imagination: Turkish Capital and Its Influence on ‘Temporary Capital’ Chongqing

IF 0.5 2区历史学 Q1 HISTORY

INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI:10.1080/07075332.2023.2276750

Çile Maden Kalkan, Giray Fidan

{"title":"Ankara in Chinese Imagination: Turkish Capital and Its Influence on ‘Temporary Capital’ Chongqing","authors":"Çile Maden Kalkan, Giray Fidan","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2023.2276750","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"AbstractOn 13 October 1923, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey officially designated Ankara as the capital of the newly established Republic of Turkey. Ankara became the focal point for the implementation of Mustafa Kemal’s nation-building efforts. In December 1937, Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, was occupied by the Japanese Forces. the Nationalist Government decided to relocate the capital to Chongqing for similar reasons with Turkey back in 1923. To promote the decision of relocating the capital to Chongqing among the population some Chinese writers and journalists drew parallels between the situation in China and the precedent of Turkey’s own capital relocation. This article aims to investigate the parallels that existed in the context of the relocation of these respective capital cities. Specifically, how the Republican China’s decision to relocate its capital from Nanjing to Chongqing was influenced by the precedent of Turkey’s capital relocation in 1923.Keywords: TurkeyAnkaraChinaChongqingcapital city Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Richard Dennis, Cities in Modernity: Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space, 1840–1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).2 Ismet Giritli, “Kemalism as an Ideology of Modernization” in Jacob M. Landau (ed), Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey (USA: Westview Press, 1984), 251; L. Köker, Modernleşme, Kemalizm ve Demokrasi [Modernization, Kemalism and Democracy] (Istanbul: İletişim Publishing, 2004).3 Osman Okyar, “Atatürk’s Quest for Modernism” in J. M. Landau (ed), Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey (USA: Westview Press, 1984), 45–53.4 Ilhan Tekeli, Modernizm, Modernite ve Türkiye’nin Kent Planlama Tarihi [Modernism, Modernity and Turkey’s Urban Planning History] (Istanbul: History Foundation Publications, 2011).5 Esra Özyürek, Nostalgia for The Modern: State Secularism and Everyday Politics in Turkey (Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2006); Sibel Bozdoğan and Reşat Kasaba (eds), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).6 Asım Karaomerlioğlu, Orada Bir Köy Var Uzakta: Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Köycü Söylem [There Is a Village Far Away: Peasantist Discourse in the Early Republic Period] (Istanbul: İletişim Publishing, 2006).7 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk [Nutuk] (Istanbul: National Education Printing House, 1973), 10.8 Mazhar Müfit Kansu, Erzurum’dan Ölümüne Kadar Atatürk’le Beraber [With Atatürk From Erzurum Until His Death] (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1968), 444.9 Kansu, Erzurum’dan Ölümüne Kadar Atatürk’le Beraber [With Atatürk From Erzurum Until His Death], 500.10 Bilal N. Şimşir, Ankara … Ankara: Bir Başkentin Doğuşu [Ankara… Ankara: Birth of a Capital] (Istanbul: Bilgi Publications, 2006), 147–148.11 Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi [Prime Ministry Republic Archive] (BCA). Dosya. 21. Belge. 15.12 Enver Ziya Karal, Atatürk’ten Düşünceler [Thoughts from Ataturk] (Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Publications, 1981), 40.13 Oğuz Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]” in Faik Ertan (ed), Cumhuriyetin 90. Yılında Başkent Ankara ve Ankara Üniversitesi [Capital Ankara and Ankara University on the 90th Anniversary of the Republic] (Ankara: Ankara University Publications, 2016), 19.14 Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]”, 20.15 Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]”, 20.16 Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]”, 28.17 Falih Rıfkı Atay, “Yeşil Yurt [Green Country].” Hâkimiyet-i Milliye 1 [Hakimiyet-i Milliye 1], (July 16, 1929).18 Falih Rıfkı Atay, Taymis Kıyılarında [On the Coast of Taymis] (Ankara: Hakimiyet Milliyet Printing House, 1934), 127–128.19 Atay, Taymis Kıyılarında [On the Coast of Taymis], 8–9.20 Mehmet Kemal, Türkiye’nin Kalbi: Ankara [Heart of Turkey: Ankara] (Istanbul: Can Publications, 1983).21 O. F. “Ankara’da Sulanmadan Orman Olur mu? [Can there be a forest in Ankara without irrigation?]” Hâkimiyet-i Milliye 2 [Hakimiyet-i Milliye 2], (July 5, 1929), 2.22 Ali Cengizkan, Ankara’nın İlk Planı 1924–25 Lörcher Planı: Kentsel Mekan Özellikleri, 1932 Jansen Planı’na ve Bugüne Katkıları, Etki ve Kalıntıları [Ankara’s First Plan 1924–25 Lörcher Plan: Urban Space Characteristics, Contributions, Effects and Remnants to the 1932 Jansen Plan and Today] (Ankara: Ankara Institute Foundation Arkada Publishing, 2004), 43.23 Şehremaneti (Turkish Republic Ankara). Ankara Şehrinin Profesör M. Jausseley, Jansen ve Brix Taraflarından Yapılan Plan ve Projelerine ait İzahnameler [Prospectuses of the Plans and Projects of the City of Ankara Made by Professor M. Jausseley, Jansen and Brix] (Ankara: Hakimiyet Milliyet Printing House, 1929).24 Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya [Çankaya] (Istanbul: Pozitif Publications, 2004), 488.25 Ahmet Murat Kadıoğlu, Meiji Dönemi Japon ve Osmanlı Askeri Modernleşmesi [Meiji Era Japanese and Ottoman Military Modernization] (Ankara: Night Library Publications), 2020, 69.26 Yunus Can Polat, 21. Yüzyılda Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Japonya İlişkileri ve Milliyetçilik [People’s Republic of China Japan Relations and Nationalism in the 21st Century] (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 2011), 41.27 Togay Seçkin Birbudak, “The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 and the Ottoman Empire”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi [Journal of Historical Research], Vol. 37, No. 63 (2018), pp. 199–218.28 Fahir Armaoğlu, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi (1914–1995) [20th Century Political History (1914–1995)] (Istanbul: Publications, 2017), 89–90.29 Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türk Diplomatik Arşiv Kataloğu [Ministry of Foreign Affairs Turkish Diplomatic Archive Catalog], Yer: 515/7525-39465-1: 1.30 Armaoğlu, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi (1914–1995) [20th Century Political History (1914–1995)], 246.31 Kamuran Gürün, Savaşan Dünya ve Türkiye [Warring World and Türkiye] (Istanbul: Inkilap Bookstore, 1997), 461.32 Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, “Tang Shengzhi”, Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Shengzhi.33 Katsuichi Honda, Frank Gibney and Karen Sandness, The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame (Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 1998), 39–41.34 Joseph Cummins, The World’s Bloodiest History (ABD: Fair Winds Press, 2009), 149.35 Tan Gazetesi [Dawn Newspaper], “Japonlar Nankine Girmek Üzere [The Japanese Are About To Enter Nanjing]”, (December 8, 1937), Available at https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/tan.36 Ulus Gazetesi [Nation Newspaper], “Nankin baştanbaşa harabe! [Nanjing is completely in ruins!]”, (December 9, 1937), Available at https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/ulus/1937-12-12/1.37 Cumhuriyet Gazetesi [Republic Newspaper], “Nankin Düştü [Nanjing has fallen]”, (December, 11, 1937), Available at: https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/cumhuriyet/1937-12-11/1.38 Eric Danielson, “Revisiting Chongqing: China’s Second World War Temporary National Capital”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, 45 (2005), 175–176.39 Chongqing Statistical Bureau, Chongqing Statistical Yearbook 1996.40 Chongqing Statistical Bureau, Chongqing Statistical Yearbook 1999.41 Sun Sheng Han and Clifton W. Pannell, “The geography of privatisation in China: 1978–1996”, Economic Geography 75. (1999), pp. 220–225.42 Duygu Kacar, “Ankara, a Small Town, Transformed to a Nation’s Capital”, Journal of Planning History, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2010), 48.43 Bernd Nicolai, Moderne und Exil: Deutschsprachige Architekten in der Turkei, 1925–1955 (Berlin: Verlag für Baiwesen, 1998).44 İnci Aslanoğlu, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlığı 1923–1938 [Early Republican Era Architecture 1923–1938] (Ankara: Bilge Culture and Art Publications, 2010).45 Esra Akcan, Architecture in Translation: Germany, Turkey, and the Modern House (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2012).46 Cengizkan, Ankara’nın İlk Planı 1924–25 Lörcher Planı: Kentsel Mekan Özellikleri, 1932 Jansen Planı’na ve Bugüne Katkıları, Etki ve Kalıntıları.47 Alev Çınar, “The Imagined Community as Urban Reality: The Making of Ankara”, in Alev Çınar and Thomas Bender (Eds.), Urban Imaginaries: Locating the Modern City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 155.48 Elvan Altan Ergut, “The Exhibition House in Ankara: Building (up) the “National” and the “Modern””, The Journal of Architecture 16, No. 6 (2011), 855–860.49 Akcan, Architecture in Translation: Germany, Turkey, and the Modern House, 51.50 Yun Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara)”, 统一评论周报 (Tongyi Pinglun Zhoubao) [Unified Review Weekly], Cilt 4, No. 23 (1937), pp. 1-4, Available at https://cadal.edu.cn/cx/reader/reader/book/reader.shtml?channel=2&code=337307bf8beaba59cfded0ec02bfc5a6&epage=-1&ipinside=0&netuser=0&spage=1&ssno=07056127&userid=901477887&bookType=1.51 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara)”.52 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara)”.53 Shen Bao (申报) [Shanghai News], “天府之國的四川 [Sichuan, the Land of Abundance]”, (1938), Available at https://ia804606.us.archive.org/20/items/shenbao-1938.11-Hong-Kong-355/1938.11%20-%20Hong%20Kong%20-%20355%20-%204980265_text.pdf.54 Shen Bao (申报) [Shanghai News], “天府之國的四川 [Sichuan, the Land of Abundance]”, 2.55 Xi Nan Zhoukan (西南周刊) [Southwest Weekly], “杂谈中国的安哥拉 [Discussion on China’s Angela]”, No. 4 (1938), 5, Available at: https://cadal.edu.cn/cadalinfo/search?temp=123&pageSize=10&searchId=051cd88b-fe88-47f2-a30c-c8b615765a3f&searchType=sw&currentPage=1&contentNum=undefined.56 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara),” 2.57 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara),” 2.Additional informationNotes on contributorsÇile Maden KalkanÇile Maden Kalkan is an assistant professor at the Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Department of Eastern Languages and Literatures, Chinese Language and Literature. Her research interests are focused on Chinese language, history, science in early-modern and modern China.Giray FidanGiray Fidan is a professor at the Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Department of Eastern Languages and Literatures, Chinese Language and Literature. 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引用次数: 0

Abstract

AbstractOn 13 October 1923, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey officially designated Ankara as the capital of the newly established Republic of Turkey. Ankara became the focal point for the implementation of Mustafa Kemal’s nation-building efforts. In December 1937, Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, was occupied by the Japanese Forces. the Nationalist Government decided to relocate the capital to Chongqing for similar reasons with Turkey back in 1923. To promote the decision of relocating the capital to Chongqing among the population some Chinese writers and journalists drew parallels between the situation in China and the precedent of Turkey’s own capital relocation. This article aims to investigate the parallels that existed in the context of the relocation of these respective capital cities. Specifically, how the Republican China’s decision to relocate its capital from Nanjing to Chongqing was influenced by the precedent of Turkey’s capital relocation in 1923.Keywords: TurkeyAnkaraChinaChongqingcapital city Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Richard Dennis, Cities in Modernity: Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space, 1840–1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).2 Ismet Giritli, “Kemalism as an Ideology of Modernization” in Jacob M. Landau (ed), Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey (USA: Westview Press, 1984), 251; L. Köker, Modernleşme, Kemalizm ve Demokrasi [Modernization, Kemalism and Democracy] (Istanbul: İletişim Publishing, 2004).3 Osman Okyar, “Atatürk’s Quest for Modernism” in J. M. Landau (ed), Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey (USA: Westview Press, 1984), 45–53.4 Ilhan Tekeli, Modernizm, Modernite ve Türkiye’nin Kent Planlama Tarihi [Modernism, Modernity and Turkey’s Urban Planning History] (Istanbul: History Foundation Publications, 2011).5 Esra Özyürek, Nostalgia for The Modern: State Secularism and Everyday Politics in Turkey (Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2006); Sibel Bozdoğan and Reşat Kasaba (eds), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).6 Asım Karaomerlioğlu, Orada Bir Köy Var Uzakta: Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Köycü Söylem [There Is a Village Far Away: Peasantist Discourse in the Early Republic Period] (Istanbul: İletişim Publishing, 2006).7 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk [Nutuk] (Istanbul: National Education Printing House, 1973), 10.8 Mazhar Müfit Kansu, Erzurum’dan Ölümüne Kadar Atatürk’le Beraber [With Atatürk From Erzurum Until His Death] (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1968), 444.9 Kansu, Erzurum’dan Ölümüne Kadar Atatürk’le Beraber [With Atatürk From Erzurum Until His Death], 500.10 Bilal N. Şimşir, Ankara … Ankara: Bir Başkentin Doğuşu [Ankara… Ankara: Birth of a Capital] (Istanbul: Bilgi Publications, 2006), 147–148.11 Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi [Prime Ministry Republic Archive] (BCA). Dosya. 21. Belge. 15.12 Enver Ziya Karal, Atatürk’ten Düşünceler [Thoughts from Ataturk] (Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Publications, 1981), 40.13 Oğuz Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]” in Faik Ertan (ed), Cumhuriyetin 90. Yılında Başkent Ankara ve Ankara Üniversitesi [Capital Ankara and Ankara University on the 90th Anniversary of the Republic] (Ankara: Ankara University Publications, 2016), 19.14 Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]”, 20.15 Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]”, 20.16 Aytepe, “Millî Mücadele’de Ankara [Ankara in the War of Independence]”, 28.17 Falih Rıfkı Atay, “Yeşil Yurt [Green Country].” Hâkimiyet-i Milliye 1 [Hakimiyet-i Milliye 1], (July 16, 1929).18 Falih Rıfkı Atay, Taymis Kıyılarında [On the Coast of Taymis] (Ankara: Hakimiyet Milliyet Printing House, 1934), 127–128.19 Atay, Taymis Kıyılarında [On the Coast of Taymis], 8–9.20 Mehmet Kemal, Türkiye’nin Kalbi: Ankara [Heart of Turkey: Ankara] (Istanbul: Can Publications, 1983).21 O. F. “Ankara’da Sulanmadan Orman Olur mu? [Can there be a forest in Ankara without irrigation?]” Hâkimiyet-i Milliye 2 [Hakimiyet-i Milliye 2], (July 5, 1929), 2.22 Ali Cengizkan, Ankara’nın İlk Planı 1924–25 Lörcher Planı: Kentsel Mekan Özellikleri, 1932 Jansen Planı’na ve Bugüne Katkıları, Etki ve Kalıntıları [Ankara’s First Plan 1924–25 Lörcher Plan: Urban Space Characteristics, Contributions, Effects and Remnants to the 1932 Jansen Plan and Today] (Ankara: Ankara Institute Foundation Arkada Publishing, 2004), 43.23 Şehremaneti (Turkish Republic Ankara). Ankara Şehrinin Profesör M. Jausseley, Jansen ve Brix Taraflarından Yapılan Plan ve Projelerine ait İzahnameler [Prospectuses of the Plans and Projects of the City of Ankara Made by Professor M. Jausseley, Jansen and Brix] (Ankara: Hakimiyet Milliyet Printing House, 1929).24 Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya [Çankaya] (Istanbul: Pozitif Publications, 2004), 488.25 Ahmet Murat Kadıoğlu, Meiji Dönemi Japon ve Osmanlı Askeri Modernleşmesi [Meiji Era Japanese and Ottoman Military Modernization] (Ankara: Night Library Publications), 2020, 69.26 Yunus Can Polat, 21. Yüzyılda Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Japonya İlişkileri ve Milliyetçilik [People’s Republic of China Japan Relations and Nationalism in the 21st Century] (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 2011), 41.27 Togay Seçkin Birbudak, “The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 and the Ottoman Empire”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi [Journal of Historical Research], Vol. 37, No. 63 (2018), pp. 199–218.28 Fahir Armaoğlu, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi (1914–1995) [20th Century Political History (1914–1995)] (Istanbul: Publications, 2017), 89–90.29 Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türk Diplomatik Arşiv Kataloğu [Ministry of Foreign Affairs Turkish Diplomatic Archive Catalog], Yer: 515/7525-39465-1: 1.30 Armaoğlu, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi (1914–1995) [20th Century Political History (1914–1995)], 246.31 Kamuran Gürün, Savaşan Dünya ve Türkiye [Warring World and Türkiye] (Istanbul: Inkilap Bookstore, 1997), 461.32 Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, “Tang Shengzhi”, Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Shengzhi.33 Katsuichi Honda, Frank Gibney and Karen Sandness, The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame (Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 1998), 39–41.34 Joseph Cummins, The World’s Bloodiest History (ABD: Fair Winds Press, 2009), 149.35 Tan Gazetesi [Dawn Newspaper], “Japonlar Nankine Girmek Üzere [The Japanese Are About To Enter Nanjing]”, (December 8, 1937), Available at https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/tan.36 Ulus Gazetesi [Nation Newspaper], “Nankin baştanbaşa harabe! [Nanjing is completely in ruins!]”, (December 9, 1937), Available at https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/ulus/1937-12-12/1.37 Cumhuriyet Gazetesi [Republic Newspaper], “Nankin Düştü [Nanjing has fallen]”, (December, 11, 1937), Available at: https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/cumhuriyet/1937-12-11/1.38 Eric Danielson, “Revisiting Chongqing: China’s Second World War Temporary National Capital”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, 45 (2005), 175–176.39 Chongqing Statistical Bureau, Chongqing Statistical Yearbook 1996.40 Chongqing Statistical Bureau, Chongqing Statistical Yearbook 1999.41 Sun Sheng Han and Clifton W. Pannell, “The geography of privatisation in China: 1978–1996”, Economic Geography 75. (1999), pp. 220–225.42 Duygu Kacar, “Ankara, a Small Town, Transformed to a Nation’s Capital”, Journal of Planning History, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2010), 48.43 Bernd Nicolai, Moderne und Exil: Deutschsprachige Architekten in der Turkei, 1925–1955 (Berlin: Verlag für Baiwesen, 1998).44 İnci Aslanoğlu, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlığı 1923–1938 [Early Republican Era Architecture 1923–1938] (Ankara: Bilge Culture and Art Publications, 2010).45 Esra Akcan, Architecture in Translation: Germany, Turkey, and the Modern House (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2012).46 Cengizkan, Ankara’nın İlk Planı 1924–25 Lörcher Planı: Kentsel Mekan Özellikleri, 1932 Jansen Planı’na ve Bugüne Katkıları, Etki ve Kalıntıları.47 Alev Çınar, “The Imagined Community as Urban Reality: The Making of Ankara”, in Alev Çınar and Thomas Bender (Eds.), Urban Imaginaries: Locating the Modern City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 155.48 Elvan Altan Ergut, “The Exhibition House in Ankara: Building (up) the “National” and the “Modern””, The Journal of Architecture 16, No. 6 (2011), 855–860.49 Akcan, Architecture in Translation: Germany, Turkey, and the Modern House, 51.50 Yun Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara)”, 统一评论周报 (Tongyi Pinglun Zhoubao) [Unified Review Weekly], Cilt 4, No. 23 (1937), pp. 1-4, Available at https://cadal.edu.cn/cx/reader/reader/book/reader.shtml?channel=2&code=337307bf8beaba59cfded0ec02bfc5a6&epage=-1&ipinside=0&netuser=0&spage=1&ssno=07056127&userid=901477887&bookType=1.51 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara)”.52 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara)”.53 Shen Bao (申报) [Shanghai News], “天府之國的四川 [Sichuan, the Land of Abundance]”, (1938), Available at https://ia804606.us.archive.org/20/items/shenbao-1938.11-Hong-Kong-355/1938.11%20-%20Hong%20Kong%20-%20355%20-%204980265_text.pdf.54 Shen Bao (申报) [Shanghai News], “天府之國的四川 [Sichuan, the Land of Abundance]”, 2.55 Xi Nan Zhoukan (西南周刊) [Southwest Weekly], “杂谈中国的安哥拉 [Discussion on China’s Angela]”, No. 4 (1938), 5, Available at: https://cadal.edu.cn/cadalinfo/search?temp=123&pageSize=10&searchId=051cd88b-fe88-47f2-a30c-c8b615765a3f&searchType=sw¤tPage=1&contentNum=undefined.56 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara),” 2.57 Fu, “重庆: 我们的安哥拉 (Chongqing: Our Ankara),” 2.Additional informationNotes on contributorsÇile Maden KalkanÇile Maden Kalkan is an assistant professor at the Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Department of Eastern Languages and Literatures, Chinese Language and Literature. Her research interests are focused on Chinese language, history, science in early-modern and modern China.Giray FidanGiray Fidan is a professor at the Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Department of Eastern Languages and Literatures, Chinese Language and Literature. His research focuses on sinology, history, language and modernization in China.

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中国人想象中的安卡拉:土耳其首都及其对“临时首都”重庆的影响

1923年10月13日，土耳其大国民议会正式指定安卡拉为新成立的土耳其共和国的首都。安卡拉成为穆斯塔法·凯末尔实施国家建设努力的焦点。1937年12月，中华民国首都南京被日军占领。国民政府在1923年决定迁都重庆，原因与土耳其相似。为了向民众宣传迁都重庆的决定，一些中国作家和记者将中国的情况与土耳其迁都的先例进行了比较。本文旨在探讨在这些各自首都城市搬迁的背景下存在的相似之处。具体来说，民国决定从南京迁都重庆是如何受到1923年土耳其迁都先例的影响的。关键词:土耳其安卡拉重庆首都披露声明作者未报告潜在利益冲突。注1理查德·丹尼斯:《现代性的城市:1840-1930年都市空间的表现与生产》(纽约:剑桥大学出版社，2009年)伊斯梅特·吉里特利:《凯末尔主义作为一种现代化意识形态》，载于雅各布·m·朗道主编，《土耳其的atat<s:1> rk与现代化》(美国:西景出版社，1984)，第251页;2 . L. Köker, modernle<e:1>， Kemalizm ve Demokrasi[现代化，凯末尔主义与民主](伊斯坦布尔:İletişim出版社，2004)4 .奥斯曼·奥克亚，《atat<s:1> rk对现代主义的追求》，载于J. M.朗道主编，《atat<s:1> rk与土耳其的现代化》(美国:西视图出版社，1984年)，45-53.4。伊尔汗·特克利，《现代主义、现代主义与土耳其的城市规划史》(伊斯坦布尔:历史基金会出版社，2011年)Esra Özyürek，怀念现代:国家世俗主义和日常政治在土耳其(达勒姆，北卡罗来纳州和伦敦:杜克大学出版社，2006年);6 . Sibel Bozdoğan和re<e:1> at Kasaba(编)，重新思考土耳其的现代性和民族认同(西雅图:华盛顿大学出版社，1997)Asım Karaomerlioğlu, Orada Bir Köy Var Uzakta: Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Köycü Söylem[远处有一个村庄:共和初期的农民话语](伊斯坦布尔:İletişim出版，2006).7Mustafa Kemal atat<e:1> rk, Nutuk [Nutuk](伊斯坦布尔:国家教育印刷社，1973年)，10.8 Mazhar m<e:1> kfit Kansu, Erzurum 'dan Ölümüne Kadar atat<e:1> rk 'le Beraber[与atat<e:1> <e:1> rk一起从埃尔祖鲁姆直到他去世](安卡拉:土耳其历史学会印刷社，1968年)，444.9 Kansu, Erzurum 'dan Ölümüne Kadar atat<e:1> rk 'le Beraber[与atat<e:1> <e:1> rk一起从埃尔祖鲁姆直到他去世]，500.10 Bilal N. Şimşir，安卡拉…安卡拉:Bir ba<e:1> kentin Doğuşu[安卡拉…安卡拉:首都的诞生](伊斯坦布尔:Bilgi出版社，2006)，147-148.11 Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet arivi[总理共和国档案](BCA)。Dosya。21。比利时，15.12 Enver Ziya Karal, atatat<s:1> rk 'ten d<e:1> <e:1> nceler[来自阿塔图尔克的想法](安卡拉:trkiye İş bankasir Publications, 1981)， 40.13 Oğuz Aytepe，“Millî mcadele 'de Ankara[独立战争中的安卡拉]”，Faik Ertan(编)，Cumhuriyetin 90。Yılında ba<s:1> kent安卡拉ve安卡拉Üniversitesi[首都安卡拉和安卡拉大学在共和国90周年纪念日](安卡拉:安卡拉大学出版物，2016年)，19.14 Aytepe，“Millî m<e:1> cadele 'de安卡拉[独立战争中的安卡拉]”，20.15 Aytepe，“Millî m<e:1> cadele 'de安卡拉[独立战争中的安卡拉]”，20.16 Aytepe，“Millî m<e:1> cadele 'de安卡拉[独立战争中的安卡拉]”，28.17 Falih Atay，“ye<e:1> il Yurt[绿色国家]”。18 .《哈基米耶1》，(1929年7月16日)Falih Rıfkı Atay, Taymis Kıyılarında[在Taymis的海岸上](安卡拉:Hakimiyet Milliyet印刷厂，1934)，127-128.19 Atay, Taymis Kıyılarında[在Taymis的海岸上]，8-9.20 Mehmet Kemal, t<s:1> rkiye 'nin Kalbi: Ankara[土耳其的心脏:安卡拉](伊斯坦布尔:Can Publications, 1983).21O. F.“安卡拉的苏拉曼·奥曼·奥鲁姆?”[安卡拉有没有灌溉的森林吗?[h<s:1> kimiyet-i Milliye 2 [Hakimiyet-i Milliye 2]，(1929年7月5日)，2.22 Ali Cengizkan，安卡拉'nın İlk计划1924-25 Lörcher计划:肯特塞尔·梅坎Özellikleri, 1932年Jansen计划na ve bug<e:1> ne Katkıları， Etki ve Kalıntıları[安卡拉的第一个计划1924-25 Lörcher计划:城市空间特征，贡献，影响和残余1932年的Jansen计划和今天](安卡拉:安卡拉研究所基金会Arkada出版，2004年)，43.23 Şehremaneti(土耳其共和国安卡拉)。安卡拉Şehrinin Profesör M. Jausseley, Jansen ve Brix Taraflarından Yapılan Plan ve Projelerine ait İzahnameler [M. Jausseley, Jansen和Brix教授编写的安卡拉市计划和工程大纲](安卡拉:Hakimiyet Milliyet印刷厂，1929).24Falih Rıfkı Atay， Çankaya [Çankaya](伊斯坦布尔:Pozitif Publications, 2004)， 488。主要研究方向为中国语言、历史、近现代中国科学。Giray FidanGiray Fidan，安卡拉哈奇拜拉姆维利大学东方语言文学系、中国语言文学系教授。他的研究主要集中在中国的汉学、历史、语言和现代化。

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INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW HISTORY-

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期刊介绍： The International History Review is the only English-language quarterly devoted entirely to the history of international relations and the history of international thought. Since 1979 the Review has established itself as one of the premier History journals in the world, read and regularly cited by both political scientists and historians. The Review serves as a bridge between historical research and the study of international relations. The Review publishes articles exploring the history of international relations and the history of international thought. The editors particularly welcome submissions that explore the history of current conflicts and conflicts of current interest; the development of international thought; diplomatic history.