Exclusion from Within: Noncitizens and the Rise of Discriminatory Licensing Laws

IF 1.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW
Allison Brownell Tirres
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Abstract

In the United States in the early twentieth century, state and local laws discriminating on the basis of alienage proliferated. Progressive reformers, nativist groups, state legislatures, and city councils sought new methods for restricting noncitizen access to the workplace and the marketplace. As this article demonstrates, the primary vehicle they utilized was state and local licensing laws. Licensing proved to be a powerful tool of exclusion; by 1930, citizenship-based licensing restrictions were present in every state and most major cities. Noncitizens challenged some of these laws, pushing for greater protection of their constitutional rights. The resulting court contests over exclusionary licensing laws led to the creation of a new branch of legal doctrine, one that redefined the relationship between noncitizens and state power. This article highlights the significant and underappreciated role played by state and local laws in shaping the immigrant experience in the Progressive Era. It furthers our understanding of the licensing power and illuminates a pivotal moment in the development of immigrant rights. Today, noncitizens are still excluded from a range of economic activities due to licensing restrictions. This article explores the roots and the spread of this little understood – and still consequential – technique of exclusion.
内部排斥:非公民和歧视性许可法律的兴起
在二十世纪初的美国,州和地方法律中基于异化的歧视激增。进步的改革者、本土主义团体、州立法机构和市议会寻求限制非公民进入工作场所和市场的新方法。正如本文所展示的,他们使用的主要工具是州和地方的许可法律。许可被证明是一种强大的排斥工具;到1930年,以公民身份为基础的许可证限制在每个州和大多数主要城市都存在。非公民对其中一些法律提出了质疑,要求对他们的宪法权利给予更大的保护。由此产生的法院对排他性许可法的争论导致了法律学说的一个新分支的诞生,这个分支重新定义了非公民与国家权力之间的关系。这篇文章强调了州和地方法律在塑造进步时代移民经历中所起的重要而未被重视的作用。它进一步加深了我们对许可权力的理解,并阐明了移民权利发展的关键时刻。今天,由于许可证限制,非公民仍然被排除在一系列经济活动之外。这篇文章探讨了这种很少被理解的——但仍然是重要的——排斥技术的根源和传播。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
53
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