World heritage classification and tourism: divergent trajectories in Marrakech Medina (Morocco) and M’Zab Valley (Algeria)

IF 3 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Journal of Heritage Tourism Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI:10.1080/1743873x.2023.2259509

Naimeh Rezaei, Jordi Nofre, Zahed Ghaderi

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Abstract

ABSTRACTThis study aims to explore the reasons that have led to unequal tourism development between the two World Heritage Sites in Little Maghreb, in Northern Africa: the Marrakech Medina in Morocco and the M’Zab Valley in Algeria. Based on an exploratory ethnography consisting of observational fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with tourists, private investors, real estate agencies, tourism agencies, local artisans, and heritage and tourism specialists, the findings reveal that unlike in Western contexts, state interventionist policies have a decisive influence on the configuration of unequal tourism development in Marrakech and M’Zab Valley. This study highlights the need for designing new, community-based policy tools in both Morocco and Algeria in order to move forward more resilient, competitive, inclusive and sustainable local economies in these two UNESCO World Heritage Sites.KEYWORDS: World Heritage Sitetourism developmenturban trajectoryMarrakech MedinaM’Zab Valley AcknowledgementsWe would like to extend our heartfelt appreciation to all the interviewees who generously contributed their time and expertise. This includes tourists, tour guides, tourism agency managers, owners of tourist accommodations, university professors, and residents in Marrakech and M’Zab.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The MEDA program was the main financial framework for the cooperation of the European Union with the Mediterranean countries for the period 1995–2006.Additional informationNotes on contributorsNaimeh RezaeiNaimeh Rezaei is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Urban Development, University of Tehran. She conducts research on urban heritage, heritage tourism urban change and vernacular architecture. Her research focuses mainly on Iran and the North African Region.Jordi NofreJordi Nofre is FCT Associate Research Professor in Urban Geography at the Interdisciplinary Center of Social Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon. He conducts research on nightlife, tourism, and urban change. He is coordinator of the Lisbon-based LXNIGHTS Research Group, co-founder of the International Night Studies Network, and Main Coordinator of the ‘Next Generation Nights in Europe’ COST Action proposal.Zahed GhaderiZahed Ghaderi is currently attached to the Department of Tourism, College of Arts and Social Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. He has over two decades of both academic and practical experience. Zahed has published extensively in top-tier tourism and hospitality journals such as Tourism Management, Journal of Travel Research, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, etc. His research interests include but are not limited to heritage and cultural tourism, sustainable tourism, and tourism planning.

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世界遗产分类与旅游业:马拉喀什麦地那(摩洛哥)和姆扎布河谷(阿尔及利亚)的不同发展轨迹

摘要本研究旨在探讨北非小马格里布的两个世界遗产——摩洛哥的马拉喀什麦地那和阿尔及利亚的姆扎布河谷之间旅游发展不平等的原因。基于对游客、私人投资者、房地产机构、旅游机构、当地工匠、遗产和旅游专家进行的观察田野调查和半结构化访谈的探索性民族志，研究结果显示，与西方背景不同，国家干预政策对马拉喀什和姆扎布山谷不平等旅游发展的配置具有决定性影响。本研究强调需要在摩洛哥和阿尔及利亚设计新的基于社区的政策工具，以便在这两个联合国教科文组织世界遗产地推动更具复原力、竞争力、包容性和可持续性的地方经济。关键词:世界遗产地旅游发展城市发展轨迹马拉喀什麦地那扎布谷致谢我们衷心感谢所有慷慨奉献时间和专业知识的受访者。这包括游客、导游、旅行社经理、旅游住宿业主、大学教授以及马拉喀什和姆扎布的居民。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1 MEDA计划是1995-2006年期间欧盟与地中海国家合作的主要财政框架。作者简介:aimeh Rezaei，德黑兰大学城市发展学院助理教授。她的研究领域包括城市遗产、遗产旅游、城市变迁和乡土建筑。她的研究主要集中在伊朗和北非地区。Jordi NofreJordi Nofre是里斯本NOVA大学跨学科社会科学中心城市地理学副教授。他的研究领域包括夜生活、旅游和城市变迁。他是总部位于里斯本的LXNIGHTS研究小组的协调员，国际夜间研究网络的联合创始人，以及“欧洲下一代夜间”成本行动提案的主要协调员。Zahed Ghaderi目前就职于阿曼马斯喀特苏丹卡布斯大学艺术与社会科学学院旅游系。他有超过二十年的学术和实践经验。在《旅游管理》、《旅游研究杂志》、《国际酒店管理杂志》、《可持续旅游杂志》等顶级旅游和酒店杂志上发表过大量文章。主要研究方向包括但不限于遗产与文化旅游、可持续旅游、旅游规划等。

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来源期刊

Journal of Heritage Tourism HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM-

CiteScore

6.50

自引率

11.10%

发文量

期刊介绍： The Journal of Heritage Tourism ( JHT ) is a peer-reviewed, international transdisciplinary journal. JHT focuses on exploring the many facets of one of the most notable and widespread types of tourism. Heritage tourism is among the very oldest forms of travel. Activities such as visits to sites of historical importance, including built environments and urban areas, rural and agricultural landscapes, natural regions, locations where historic events occurred and places where interesting and significant living cultures dominate are all forms of heritage tourism. As such, this form of tourism dominates the industry in many parts of the world and involves millions of people. During the past 20 years, the study of tourism has become highly fragmented and specialised into various theme areas, or concentrations. Within this context, heritage tourism is one of the most commonly investigated forms of tourism, and hundreds of scholars and industry workers are involved in researching its dynamics and concepts. This academic attention has resulted in the publication of hundreds of refereed articles in various scholarly media, yet, until now there has been no journal devoted specifically to heritage tourism; Journal of Heritage Tourism was launched to fill this gap. JHT seeks to critically examine all aspects of heritage tourism. Some of the topics to be explored within the context of heritage tourism will include colonial heritage, commodification, interpretation, urban renewal, religious tourism, genealogy, patriotism, nostalgia, folklore, power, funding, contested heritage, historic sites, identity, industrial heritage, marketing, conservation, ethnicity, education and indigenous heritage.